How to factor $-x^3+x^2-2$












1












$begingroup$


Is there an easy way to factor $$f(x)=-x^3+x^2-2;?$$



I have checked step-by-step calculators that all use theorems I am not very familiar with.



It doesn't seem like a sum or difference of cubes, and grouping is not an option. I tried factoring out the $-x^2$ $$f(x)=-x^2(x-1)-2$$ but that didn't get me anywhere. I am trying to find the roots to graph this function. How do I approach this?










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  • 3




    $begingroup$
    By inspection, $x = -1$ is a root. This is one of the four candidates suggested by the rational roots theorem.
    $endgroup$
    – T. Bongers
    Dec 11 '18 at 2:24


















1












$begingroup$


Is there an easy way to factor $$f(x)=-x^3+x^2-2;?$$



I have checked step-by-step calculators that all use theorems I am not very familiar with.



It doesn't seem like a sum or difference of cubes, and grouping is not an option. I tried factoring out the $-x^2$ $$f(x)=-x^2(x-1)-2$$ but that didn't get me anywhere. I am trying to find the roots to graph this function. How do I approach this?










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    By inspection, $x = -1$ is a root. This is one of the four candidates suggested by the rational roots theorem.
    $endgroup$
    – T. Bongers
    Dec 11 '18 at 2:24
















1












1








1





$begingroup$


Is there an easy way to factor $$f(x)=-x^3+x^2-2;?$$



I have checked step-by-step calculators that all use theorems I am not very familiar with.



It doesn't seem like a sum or difference of cubes, and grouping is not an option. I tried factoring out the $-x^2$ $$f(x)=-x^2(x-1)-2$$ but that didn't get me anywhere. I am trying to find the roots to graph this function. How do I approach this?










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




Is there an easy way to factor $$f(x)=-x^3+x^2-2;?$$



I have checked step-by-step calculators that all use theorems I am not very familiar with.



It doesn't seem like a sum or difference of cubes, and grouping is not an option. I tried factoring out the $-x^2$ $$f(x)=-x^2(x-1)-2$$ but that didn't get me anywhere. I am trying to find the roots to graph this function. How do I approach this?







polynomials roots graphing-functions factoring






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Dec 11 '18 at 4:15









amWhy

1




1










asked Dec 11 '18 at 2:23









William AllenWilliam Allen

82




82








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    By inspection, $x = -1$ is a root. This is one of the four candidates suggested by the rational roots theorem.
    $endgroup$
    – T. Bongers
    Dec 11 '18 at 2:24
















  • 3




    $begingroup$
    By inspection, $x = -1$ is a root. This is one of the four candidates suggested by the rational roots theorem.
    $endgroup$
    – T. Bongers
    Dec 11 '18 at 2:24










3




3




$begingroup$
By inspection, $x = -1$ is a root. This is one of the four candidates suggested by the rational roots theorem.
$endgroup$
– T. Bongers
Dec 11 '18 at 2:24






$begingroup$
By inspection, $x = -1$ is a root. This is one of the four candidates suggested by the rational roots theorem.
$endgroup$
– T. Bongers
Dec 11 '18 at 2:24












2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















2












$begingroup$

$$-x^3+x^2-2=-1-x^3+x^2-1$$
$$=-(1+x^3)+(x^2-1)$$
$$=-(1+x)(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)(x+1)$$
$$=(x+1)(x-1-(1-x+x^2))$$
$$=(x+1)(-x^2+2x-2)$$



Edit: At the fourth step, there is a factor of $x+1$ in both terms. So I factor this out of the expression as follows:
$$-(1+x)(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)(x+1)=(x+1)[-(1-x+x^2)]+(x+1)(x-1)$$
$$=(x+1)[-(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)]$$
$$=(x+1)(-1+x-x^2+x-1)$$
$$=(x+1)(-x^2+2x-2)$$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$









  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Thank you, it will take me a bit of time to work out exactly what happened on the fourth step
    $endgroup$
    – William Allen
    Dec 11 '18 at 2:51










  • $begingroup$
    I will give an edit adding more detail.
    $endgroup$
    – gd1035
    Dec 11 '18 at 2:56



















0












$begingroup$

If you can find a root, $r$ then it will factor to $(x-r)(ax^2 + bx + c)$ and then we can you complete the square or use quadratic formula to see if $ax^2 + bx + c$ has rational roots. If it has roots $q_1$ and $q_2$ this will factor to $a(x-r)(x-q_1)(x-q_2)$



So can we find any roots. By rational root theorem, any rational roots of $-x^3+x^2 - 2=0$ will be of the form $pm 1, pm 2$.



$x=-1$ is a root as $-(-1)^3 + (-1)^2 -2 = 0$ but $x=1$ is not. $x=2$ nor is $x = -2$.



Dividing by $(x- (-1))$ or $x+1$ we get $frac {-x^3 +x^2 -2}{x + 1} = frac {-x^3}{x+1} + frac {x^2-2}{x+1}=$



$frac {-x^3- x^2}{x+1} + frac {x^2 + x^2-2}{x+1}=$



$-x^2 + frac {2x^2 - 2}{x+1} = -x^2 +frac {2x^2}{x+1} +frac {-2}{x+1}=$



$-x^2 + frac {2x^2 + 2x}{x+1} + frac {-2x - 2}{x+1}=$



$-x^2 + 2x -2$



So $-x^3 +x^2 -2 = (x+1)(-x^2 + 2x -2)$.



Can we factor $-x^3 + x^2 -2$? We could use quadratic formula or complete the square but we do know from above that $x = -1$ is the possible rational solution. And it doesn't work. ($-(-1)^2 + 2(-1)-2 = -3 ne 0$.)



So $-x^2 + 2x -2$ can not factor. (By quadratic equation the roots are $frac {-2pm sqrt{4 -8}}{-2}$ and those aren't possible. But we didn't need to do that.)



So $-x^3 +x^2 -2 = (x+1)(-x^2 + 2x -2)$. We can, for style points, bring the negative term out to get $-x^3 + x^2 -2 = -(x+1)(x^2 - 2x +2)$. But we can't factor any further.






share|cite|improve this answer









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    2 Answers
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    2 Answers
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    2












    $begingroup$

    $$-x^3+x^2-2=-1-x^3+x^2-1$$
    $$=-(1+x^3)+(x^2-1)$$
    $$=-(1+x)(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)(x+1)$$
    $$=(x+1)(x-1-(1-x+x^2))$$
    $$=(x+1)(-x^2+2x-2)$$



    Edit: At the fourth step, there is a factor of $x+1$ in both terms. So I factor this out of the expression as follows:
    $$-(1+x)(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)(x+1)=(x+1)[-(1-x+x^2)]+(x+1)(x-1)$$
    $$=(x+1)[-(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)]$$
    $$=(x+1)(-1+x-x^2+x-1)$$
    $$=(x+1)(-x^2+2x-2)$$






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$









    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Thank you, it will take me a bit of time to work out exactly what happened on the fourth step
      $endgroup$
      – William Allen
      Dec 11 '18 at 2:51










    • $begingroup$
      I will give an edit adding more detail.
      $endgroup$
      – gd1035
      Dec 11 '18 at 2:56
















    2












    $begingroup$

    $$-x^3+x^2-2=-1-x^3+x^2-1$$
    $$=-(1+x^3)+(x^2-1)$$
    $$=-(1+x)(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)(x+1)$$
    $$=(x+1)(x-1-(1-x+x^2))$$
    $$=(x+1)(-x^2+2x-2)$$



    Edit: At the fourth step, there is a factor of $x+1$ in both terms. So I factor this out of the expression as follows:
    $$-(1+x)(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)(x+1)=(x+1)[-(1-x+x^2)]+(x+1)(x-1)$$
    $$=(x+1)[-(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)]$$
    $$=(x+1)(-1+x-x^2+x-1)$$
    $$=(x+1)(-x^2+2x-2)$$






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$









    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Thank you, it will take me a bit of time to work out exactly what happened on the fourth step
      $endgroup$
      – William Allen
      Dec 11 '18 at 2:51










    • $begingroup$
      I will give an edit adding more detail.
      $endgroup$
      – gd1035
      Dec 11 '18 at 2:56














    2












    2








    2





    $begingroup$

    $$-x^3+x^2-2=-1-x^3+x^2-1$$
    $$=-(1+x^3)+(x^2-1)$$
    $$=-(1+x)(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)(x+1)$$
    $$=(x+1)(x-1-(1-x+x^2))$$
    $$=(x+1)(-x^2+2x-2)$$



    Edit: At the fourth step, there is a factor of $x+1$ in both terms. So I factor this out of the expression as follows:
    $$-(1+x)(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)(x+1)=(x+1)[-(1-x+x^2)]+(x+1)(x-1)$$
    $$=(x+1)[-(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)]$$
    $$=(x+1)(-1+x-x^2+x-1)$$
    $$=(x+1)(-x^2+2x-2)$$






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$



    $$-x^3+x^2-2=-1-x^3+x^2-1$$
    $$=-(1+x^3)+(x^2-1)$$
    $$=-(1+x)(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)(x+1)$$
    $$=(x+1)(x-1-(1-x+x^2))$$
    $$=(x+1)(-x^2+2x-2)$$



    Edit: At the fourth step, there is a factor of $x+1$ in both terms. So I factor this out of the expression as follows:
    $$-(1+x)(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)(x+1)=(x+1)[-(1-x+x^2)]+(x+1)(x-1)$$
    $$=(x+1)[-(1-x+x^2)+(x-1)]$$
    $$=(x+1)(-1+x-x^2+x-1)$$
    $$=(x+1)(-x^2+2x-2)$$







    share|cite|improve this answer














    share|cite|improve this answer



    share|cite|improve this answer








    edited Dec 11 '18 at 2:59

























    answered Dec 11 '18 at 2:35









    gd1035gd1035

    4721210




    4721210








    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Thank you, it will take me a bit of time to work out exactly what happened on the fourth step
      $endgroup$
      – William Allen
      Dec 11 '18 at 2:51










    • $begingroup$
      I will give an edit adding more detail.
      $endgroup$
      – gd1035
      Dec 11 '18 at 2:56














    • 1




      $begingroup$
      Thank you, it will take me a bit of time to work out exactly what happened on the fourth step
      $endgroup$
      – William Allen
      Dec 11 '18 at 2:51










    • $begingroup$
      I will give an edit adding more detail.
      $endgroup$
      – gd1035
      Dec 11 '18 at 2:56








    1




    1




    $begingroup$
    Thank you, it will take me a bit of time to work out exactly what happened on the fourth step
    $endgroup$
    – William Allen
    Dec 11 '18 at 2:51




    $begingroup$
    Thank you, it will take me a bit of time to work out exactly what happened on the fourth step
    $endgroup$
    – William Allen
    Dec 11 '18 at 2:51












    $begingroup$
    I will give an edit adding more detail.
    $endgroup$
    – gd1035
    Dec 11 '18 at 2:56




    $begingroup$
    I will give an edit adding more detail.
    $endgroup$
    – gd1035
    Dec 11 '18 at 2:56











    0












    $begingroup$

    If you can find a root, $r$ then it will factor to $(x-r)(ax^2 + bx + c)$ and then we can you complete the square or use quadratic formula to see if $ax^2 + bx + c$ has rational roots. If it has roots $q_1$ and $q_2$ this will factor to $a(x-r)(x-q_1)(x-q_2)$



    So can we find any roots. By rational root theorem, any rational roots of $-x^3+x^2 - 2=0$ will be of the form $pm 1, pm 2$.



    $x=-1$ is a root as $-(-1)^3 + (-1)^2 -2 = 0$ but $x=1$ is not. $x=2$ nor is $x = -2$.



    Dividing by $(x- (-1))$ or $x+1$ we get $frac {-x^3 +x^2 -2}{x + 1} = frac {-x^3}{x+1} + frac {x^2-2}{x+1}=$



    $frac {-x^3- x^2}{x+1} + frac {x^2 + x^2-2}{x+1}=$



    $-x^2 + frac {2x^2 - 2}{x+1} = -x^2 +frac {2x^2}{x+1} +frac {-2}{x+1}=$



    $-x^2 + frac {2x^2 + 2x}{x+1} + frac {-2x - 2}{x+1}=$



    $-x^2 + 2x -2$



    So $-x^3 +x^2 -2 = (x+1)(-x^2 + 2x -2)$.



    Can we factor $-x^3 + x^2 -2$? We could use quadratic formula or complete the square but we do know from above that $x = -1$ is the possible rational solution. And it doesn't work. ($-(-1)^2 + 2(-1)-2 = -3 ne 0$.)



    So $-x^2 + 2x -2$ can not factor. (By quadratic equation the roots are $frac {-2pm sqrt{4 -8}}{-2}$ and those aren't possible. But we didn't need to do that.)



    So $-x^3 +x^2 -2 = (x+1)(-x^2 + 2x -2)$. We can, for style points, bring the negative term out to get $-x^3 + x^2 -2 = -(x+1)(x^2 - 2x +2)$. But we can't factor any further.






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$


















      0












      $begingroup$

      If you can find a root, $r$ then it will factor to $(x-r)(ax^2 + bx + c)$ and then we can you complete the square or use quadratic formula to see if $ax^2 + bx + c$ has rational roots. If it has roots $q_1$ and $q_2$ this will factor to $a(x-r)(x-q_1)(x-q_2)$



      So can we find any roots. By rational root theorem, any rational roots of $-x^3+x^2 - 2=0$ will be of the form $pm 1, pm 2$.



      $x=-1$ is a root as $-(-1)^3 + (-1)^2 -2 = 0$ but $x=1$ is not. $x=2$ nor is $x = -2$.



      Dividing by $(x- (-1))$ or $x+1$ we get $frac {-x^3 +x^2 -2}{x + 1} = frac {-x^3}{x+1} + frac {x^2-2}{x+1}=$



      $frac {-x^3- x^2}{x+1} + frac {x^2 + x^2-2}{x+1}=$



      $-x^2 + frac {2x^2 - 2}{x+1} = -x^2 +frac {2x^2}{x+1} +frac {-2}{x+1}=$



      $-x^2 + frac {2x^2 + 2x}{x+1} + frac {-2x - 2}{x+1}=$



      $-x^2 + 2x -2$



      So $-x^3 +x^2 -2 = (x+1)(-x^2 + 2x -2)$.



      Can we factor $-x^3 + x^2 -2$? We could use quadratic formula or complete the square but we do know from above that $x = -1$ is the possible rational solution. And it doesn't work. ($-(-1)^2 + 2(-1)-2 = -3 ne 0$.)



      So $-x^2 + 2x -2$ can not factor. (By quadratic equation the roots are $frac {-2pm sqrt{4 -8}}{-2}$ and those aren't possible. But we didn't need to do that.)



      So $-x^3 +x^2 -2 = (x+1)(-x^2 + 2x -2)$. We can, for style points, bring the negative term out to get $-x^3 + x^2 -2 = -(x+1)(x^2 - 2x +2)$. But we can't factor any further.






      share|cite|improve this answer









      $endgroup$
















        0












        0








        0





        $begingroup$

        If you can find a root, $r$ then it will factor to $(x-r)(ax^2 + bx + c)$ and then we can you complete the square or use quadratic formula to see if $ax^2 + bx + c$ has rational roots. If it has roots $q_1$ and $q_2$ this will factor to $a(x-r)(x-q_1)(x-q_2)$



        So can we find any roots. By rational root theorem, any rational roots of $-x^3+x^2 - 2=0$ will be of the form $pm 1, pm 2$.



        $x=-1$ is a root as $-(-1)^3 + (-1)^2 -2 = 0$ but $x=1$ is not. $x=2$ nor is $x = -2$.



        Dividing by $(x- (-1))$ or $x+1$ we get $frac {-x^3 +x^2 -2}{x + 1} = frac {-x^3}{x+1} + frac {x^2-2}{x+1}=$



        $frac {-x^3- x^2}{x+1} + frac {x^2 + x^2-2}{x+1}=$



        $-x^2 + frac {2x^2 - 2}{x+1} = -x^2 +frac {2x^2}{x+1} +frac {-2}{x+1}=$



        $-x^2 + frac {2x^2 + 2x}{x+1} + frac {-2x - 2}{x+1}=$



        $-x^2 + 2x -2$



        So $-x^3 +x^2 -2 = (x+1)(-x^2 + 2x -2)$.



        Can we factor $-x^3 + x^2 -2$? We could use quadratic formula or complete the square but we do know from above that $x = -1$ is the possible rational solution. And it doesn't work. ($-(-1)^2 + 2(-1)-2 = -3 ne 0$.)



        So $-x^2 + 2x -2$ can not factor. (By quadratic equation the roots are $frac {-2pm sqrt{4 -8}}{-2}$ and those aren't possible. But we didn't need to do that.)



        So $-x^3 +x^2 -2 = (x+1)(-x^2 + 2x -2)$. We can, for style points, bring the negative term out to get $-x^3 + x^2 -2 = -(x+1)(x^2 - 2x +2)$. But we can't factor any further.






        share|cite|improve this answer









        $endgroup$



        If you can find a root, $r$ then it will factor to $(x-r)(ax^2 + bx + c)$ and then we can you complete the square or use quadratic formula to see if $ax^2 + bx + c$ has rational roots. If it has roots $q_1$ and $q_2$ this will factor to $a(x-r)(x-q_1)(x-q_2)$



        So can we find any roots. By rational root theorem, any rational roots of $-x^3+x^2 - 2=0$ will be of the form $pm 1, pm 2$.



        $x=-1$ is a root as $-(-1)^3 + (-1)^2 -2 = 0$ but $x=1$ is not. $x=2$ nor is $x = -2$.



        Dividing by $(x- (-1))$ or $x+1$ we get $frac {-x^3 +x^2 -2}{x + 1} = frac {-x^3}{x+1} + frac {x^2-2}{x+1}=$



        $frac {-x^3- x^2}{x+1} + frac {x^2 + x^2-2}{x+1}=$



        $-x^2 + frac {2x^2 - 2}{x+1} = -x^2 +frac {2x^2}{x+1} +frac {-2}{x+1}=$



        $-x^2 + frac {2x^2 + 2x}{x+1} + frac {-2x - 2}{x+1}=$



        $-x^2 + 2x -2$



        So $-x^3 +x^2 -2 = (x+1)(-x^2 + 2x -2)$.



        Can we factor $-x^3 + x^2 -2$? We could use quadratic formula or complete the square but we do know from above that $x = -1$ is the possible rational solution. And it doesn't work. ($-(-1)^2 + 2(-1)-2 = -3 ne 0$.)



        So $-x^2 + 2x -2$ can not factor. (By quadratic equation the roots are $frac {-2pm sqrt{4 -8}}{-2}$ and those aren't possible. But we didn't need to do that.)



        So $-x^3 +x^2 -2 = (x+1)(-x^2 + 2x -2)$. We can, for style points, bring the negative term out to get $-x^3 + x^2 -2 = -(x+1)(x^2 - 2x +2)$. But we can't factor any further.







        share|cite|improve this answer












        share|cite|improve this answer



        share|cite|improve this answer










        answered Dec 11 '18 at 4:38









        fleabloodfleablood

        71.2k22686




        71.2k22686






























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