I'm coming from C and C++ and have often troubles using Python's full potential. This is a script I wrote to translate LaTeX documents into different languages. A parser replaces all latex specific syntax with hashes and then sends it all to deepl. The pydeepl wrapper is from Github.

What do you think of this code?

import sys

import re

import pydeepl

from random import choice

from tqdm import tqdm



def make_xlat(*args, **kwds):

    adict = dict(*args, **kwds)

    rx = re.compile('|'.join(map(re.escape, adict)))

    def one_xlat(match):

        return adict[match.group(0)]

    def xlat(text):

        return rx.sub(one_xlat, text)

    return xlat 



if __name__ == "__main__":

     fileInputName = sys.argv[1]

     #fileInputName = "Introduction.tex"

     fileOutName = fileInputName.split('.')[0]+"_trans.tex"



     fileIn  = open(fileInputName, "r")

     fileOut = open(fileOutName, "w")



     fileStr = fileIn.read()



     print("Starting hashing...")



     #replace commands like begin{*}, end{*}, tabs etc. with hashes

     searchObj1 = re.findall( r"\begin{w+}|t|    |r|\end{w+}|\usepackage{w+}|\newcommand{w+}|\include{.*}|\input{w+}|\w+[.*}|%.*", fileStr)

     #random number for every found command + a prefix which hopefully doens't appear in text. Used to skip lines later, which don't need translation

     list1 = ['X#X' + str(choice(range(1111, 9999, 1))) for x in searchObj1]

     #make a dictionary out of hashes

     d1 = dict(zip(searchObj1,list1))

     translate = make_xlat(d1)

     hashedText = translate(fileStr)



     #replace all latex commands (starting with a backslash) with hashes

     searchObj2 = re.findall( r"\w+",hashedText)

     #random number  + prefix again

     list2 = ['X#X' + str(choice(range(1111, 9999, 1))) for x in searchObj2]

     #make a dictionary

     d2 = dict(zip(searchObj2,list2))

     translate = make_xlat(d2)

     hashedText = translate(hashedText)

     #print(hashedText)

     #fileOut.write(translate(hashedText))



     d1.update(d2) # combine dictionaries

     #with open('hash_dict.json', 'w') as f:

     #json.dump(d1, f)



     print("Hashing done. Starting translation...")



     translated = ''

     for line in tqdm(hashedText.splitlines()): #tqdm is a progressbar

         #print(line)

         if line.startswith("X#X") and len(line) == 7:

             translated = translated + line + 'n'

             continue

         if line == 'n':

             translated = translated + 'n'

         elif line == '':

             translated = translated + 'n'

         else:

             translated = translated+pydeepl.translate(line, "DE", "EN")+'n'

     #translated = translated+pydeepl.translate(hashedText, "DE", "EN")

     #print(translated)



     d1Inv = {val:key for (key, val) in d1.items()} #swap dictionary

     translate2 = make_xlat(d1Inv)

     fileStrOut = translate2(translated)

     #print(fileStrOut)



     fileOut.write(fileStrOut)



     print("success")

     fileIn.close()

     fileOut.close()

EDIT 1: One flaw I already know is that I'm sending sentences by sentences which makes it really slow. However, sending all lines at once produces errors which I couldn't get rid of. Deepl scrambles stuff around and dehashign doesn't work anymore.

• 
  

  While using sys.argv is fine for a first version of a program, you should give it a proper CLI. It would be nice if multiple latex files could be passed (since it is common to split a large project into multiple files) and also to specify the source and target languages. For this you can use argparse:

  
  
  

  import argparse
  
  
  
  def parse_args(args=None):
  
      parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
  
      parser.add_argument("--from", default="DE", help="Language of the source document(s)")
  
      parser.add_argument("--to", default="EN", help="Language of the target document")
  
      parser.add_argument("file", nargs="+", help="Path(s) to the latex file(s)")
  
      return parser.parse_args(args)
  
  
  
  if __name__ == "__main__":
  
      args = parse_args()
  
      print(args.to, args.from, args.file)
  
      ...
  
  

  
  
  

  This even gives you a nice usage message when calling the script with the option -h or --help:

  
  
  

  usage: script_name.py [-h] [--from FROM] [--to TO] file [file ...]
  
  
  
  positional arguments:
  
    file         Path(s) to the latex file(s)
  
  
  
  optional arguments:
  
    -h, --help   show this help message and exit
  
    --from FROM  Language of the source document(s)
  
    --to TO      Language of the target document
  
  

  
  


• 
  

  Now, let's get to your "hashing". When randomly selecting from $H = 9999 - 1111 = 8888$ values, it takes on average $Q(H) = sqrt{tfrac{pi}{2}H}approx 118.16$ draws until you get a number twice. In other words, if you have more than about 120 elements, you will overwrite some. And that number is actually less than half of that because you separately hash begin and end.

  
  
  

  One way to avoid collisions is to just keep on counting up. For this you could use itertools.count, which produces an infinite stream of increasing numbers, starting with the argument (or 0 if not given), when being iterated:

  
  
  

  from itertools import count
  
  
  
  counter = count(1111)
  
  assert len(searchObj1) + len(searchObj2) <= 8888, "Too many objects to hash"
  
  list1 = ['X#X{}'.format(i) for _, i in zip(searchObj1, counter)]
  
  list2 = ['X#X{}'.format(i) for _, i in zip(searchObj2, counter)]
  
  

  
  
  

  Another way to make it less likely is to extend the range. And at that point you might as well use the built-in hash function:

  
  
  

  list1 = ['X#X{}'.format(hash(x) for x in searchObj1]
  
  

  
  
  

  In this case you would need to relax the and len(line) == 7 requirement later.

  
  


• 
  

  When opening files, you should use the with keyword to ensure they are properly closed, even if an exception occurs somewhere in the block:

  
  
  

  with open(fileInputName) as fileIn, open(fileOutName, "w") as fileOut:
  
      ...
  
  

  
  



• You should also think about better names. Python has an official style-guide, PEP8, which recommend using lower_case instead of camelCase. In addition, list1, searchObj1, d2 are all not very good names.



• 
  

  Doing string addition can be very costly, because in Python strings are immutable. This means that when you do str_a + str_b, Python has to allocate a new string object of length len(str_a) + len(str_b) and then copy the content of both strings into that new array. This takes more time the longer the strings are and the more often you do it. Since you are adding strings of the length of a full document and are doing so in a loop, this can be very slow.

  
  
  

  Instead, build a list and str.join it at the end:

  
  
  

  translated = 
  
  for line in fileIn:
  
      #print(line)
  
      if line.startswith("X#X") and len(line) == 7:
  
          translated.append(line)
  
      elif not line.strip():
  
          translated.append('')
  
      else:
  
          translated.append(pydeepl.translate(line, args.from, args.to))
  
  translated = 'n'.join(translated)
  
  

  
  
  

  Note that I directly iterate over the file (since files are iterable), meaning that this program is less limited by the amount of memory available. However this means that the progress bar does not work anymore (and I therefore removed it here), because it needs to know how many lines there are. You can use something like this to add it back: https://blog.nelsonliu.me/2016/07/29/progress-bars-for-python-file-reading-with-tqdm/

  
  

naming

both the naming convention is wrong. PEP-008 standardizes on snake_case for variables and functions, as the naming itself is unclear. What is rx? It is a repattern. Then call it so. adict is indeed a dict, but it contains the hashes, so also call it like that.

map

map is a useful tool, but not a lot of people use it or know it. Especially since the advent of generator expressions, it is also hardly ever needed to use. I find a generator expression a lot simpler to read:

def make_xlat(hashes: dict) -> typing.Callable[[str], str]:

    pattern = re.compile("|".join(re.escape(key) for key in hashes))

    def one_xlat(match):

        return hashes[match.group(0)]



    def xlat(text: str):

        return pattern.sub(one_xlat, text)



    return xlat

the hashes

You use a convoluted way str(choice(range(1111, 9999, 1))) to generate a random number. This will lead to collisions. The easiest way to tackle this, is to use a generator, which keeps what numbers are given out already.

def get_random_ids(begin=0, end=9999):

    yield from random.sample(range(begin, end + 1), end - begin + 1)

The downside is this materializes a list with all the elements. For the 10000 numbers, this is still okay, but if you need a number with 10 digits, this starts to count. An alternative here would be something like this:

def get_random_ids(begin=0, end=9999):

    seen = set()

    while True:

        number = random.randint(begin, end)

        if number in seen:

            continue

        seen.add(number)

        yield number

But this only helps if you need a limited number of id's with a long length

To help you with testing, it helps if you can supply a seed to put the pseudo-random generator in the same state every time you test a particular piece

def get_random_ids(begin=0, end=9999, seed=None, ):

    """

    generates unique random integers between `begin` and `end`



    The random generator can be seeded with `seed`

    """

    if seed is not None:

        random.seed(seed)

    yield from random.sample(range(begin, end + 1), end - begin + 1)

pathlib.Path

If instead of with the bare filenames, you convert them into a Path, reading and writing becomes a lot easier:

input_file = Path("latex_sample.tex")

input_text = input_file.read_text()

then to output to the hashed text, you can use with_suffix or with_name

hashed_file = input_file.with_suffix(".hash.tex")

hashed_file.write_text(hashed_text)

regex pattern

you have a very long regex pattern. In your make_xlat function you assemble one on the fly with '|'.join. You can do that here as well

commands = (

    r"\begin{w+}",

    r"t",

    "    ",

    "r",

    r"\end{w+}",

    r"\usepackage{w+}",

    r"\newcommand{w+}",

    r"\include{.*}",

    r"\input{w+}",

    r"\w+[.*}",

    r"%.*",

    r"\w+",

)

search_pattern = re.compile("|".join(commands))

This way you can easily add commands or add comments for the more obscure commands

the translation

You go over the hashed text line per line, depending on some condition translate, and then do a lot of sting concatenation

This can be done a lot simpler with a generator:

def translate(text: str, lang_in="DE", lang_out="EN"):

    hash_pattern = re.compile(r"^X#Xd{4}$")

    for line in text.splitlines():

        if line in {"", "n"} or hash_pattern.match(line):

            yield line

        else:

            yield pydeepl.translate(line, lang_in, lang_out)

translation = "n".join(translate(hashed_text, lang_in="DE", lang_out="EN"))

Instead of checking startswith and len, I used a regular expression

split the work

This code:

• reads a texts


• hashes the commands


• translates the text


• dehashes the commands


• writes to an output file


• save the hashes to a file

You only split of a part of the hashing of the commands. It is simpler, clearer and easier to test if you also split of the rest

def hash_commands(

    input_text: str, random_seed=None

) -> typing.Tuple[str, typing.Mapping]:

    commands = (

        r"\begin{w+}",

        r"t",

        "    ",

        "r",

        r"\end{w+}",

        r"\usepackage{w+}",

        r"\newcommand{w+}",

        r"\include{.*}",

        r"\input{w+}",

        r"\w+[.*}",

        r"%.*",

        r"\w+",

    )

    search_pattern = re.compile("|".join(commands))

    ids = get_random_ids(seed=random_seed)



    matches = search_pattern.findall(input_text)

    hashes = {

        command: f"X#X{id:04}"

        for command, id in zip(matches, ids)

    }

    translate = make_xlat(hashes)

    hashed_text = translate(input_text)

    return hashed_text, hashes

takes a text, and hashes the commands. A way to generalize this would be to make the commands tuple an argument, or split of the generation of the hashesdict to a separate function, and use hashes as an argument to the hash_commands function.

def dehash_text(hashed_text: str, hashes: typing.Mapping):

    hashes_inverse = {hash: command for command, hash in hashes.items()}

    translate = make_xlat(hashes_inverse)

    return translate(hashed_text)

does the inverse.

def save_hashes(hashes, out_file):

    hashes_inverse = {hash: command for command, hash in hashes.items()}

    json.dump(

        {"hashes": hashes, "inverse": hashes_inverse}, out_file, indent=4

    )

and then the main logic become very simple and easy to understand

if __name__ == "__main__":

    input_file = Path("latex_sample.tex")

    input_text = input_file.read_text()

    hashed_text, hashes = hash_commands(input_text=input_text, random_seed=42)



    hash_file = Path("hash_dict.json")

    with hash_file.open("w") as hash_filehandle:

        save_hashes(hashes, hash_filehandle)



    hashed_file = input_file.with_suffix(".hash.tex")

    hashed_file.write_text(hashed_text)



    translation = "n".join(translate(hashed_text, lang_in="DE", lang_out="EN"))

    translation_dehashed = dehash_text(translation, hashes)

    # print(translation_dehashed)

    output_file = input_file.with_suffix(".trans.tex")

    output_file.write_text(translation_dehashed)

I included an output of the hashed text, so you can see whether the function correctly recognises the commands. That way you see it doesn't recognise the usepackage{tree-dvips}