R, 77 72 bytes

function(d,`~`=format)write(c(strtrim(d+-3:3~"%a",2),d+-17:17~"%e"),1,7)

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Fixed output to use 2 letter day abbreviations.

-1 byte using strtrim thanks to Aaron Hayman.

Pads date numbers with leading 0s; takes input as a Date, which can be created by using as.Date("YYYY/MM/DD").

Weirdly short for an R ascii-art answer...

JavaScript (ES6),  141  126 bytes

Saved 15 bytes by borrowing .toUTCString().slice(0,2) from Neil's answer

Takes input as a Date object.

f=(d,n=0)=>n<42?(D=new Date(d-864e5*(24-n)),n<7?D.toUTCString().slice(0,2):(i=D.getDate())>9?i:' '+i)+`

 `[++n%7&&1]+f(d,n):''

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05AB1E, 175 174 172 171 160 bytes

¦WΘ1š-1šVтFY`2ô0Kθ4ÖUD2Qi28X+ë<7%É31α}‹iY¬>0ëY1¾ǝDÅsD12‹i>1ë1Dǝ¤>2}}ǝVY})DJIJk18+£35.£¬.•4ιõ÷‡o‹ƶ¸•2ôs`UÐ3‹12*+>13*5÷s3‹Xα©т%D4÷®т÷©4÷®·()DćsćsO7%._s€нT‰J«7ô»

Input in the format [day, month, year]. Output with leading 0s for single-digit days, and lowercase mo through su (+1 byte can be added if titlecase is mandatory).

Try it online or verify all test cases.

Holy shit.. This might be my new record for longest 05AB1E answer, and then I include some very complex ascii-art challenges I did... >.> EDIT: Hmm ok, almost.. ;p

Important note: 05AB1E doesn't have any builtins for Date objects or calculations. The only builtin regarding dates it has is today's year/month/day/hours/minutes/seconds/microseconds.

So because of that, almost all of the code you see are manual calculations to calculated the previous and next days (including transition over years and keeping in mind the leap years), and calculating the day of the week by using Zeller's congruence.

Huge parts of the code are copied from this earlier 05AB1E answer of mine, which will also be relevant for the explanation below.

Explanation:

We start by going to the first day of the previous month:

¦          # Remove the first item (the days) from the (implicit) input

 W         # Get the minimum (without popping the list itself)

           # (since the year is guaranteed to be above 1599, this is the month)

  Θ        # Check if its exactly 1 (1 if 1, 0 if in the range [2,31])

   1š      # Prepend a 1 as list (so we now have either [1,1] or [1,0]

     -     # Subtract this from the month and year

      1š   # And prepend a 1 for the day

        V  # Pop and store this first day of the previous month in variable `Y`

Then I use that date as start date, and calculate the next 100 days:

тF    # Loop 100 times:

  Y`2ô0Kθ4ÖUD2Qi28X+ë<7%É31α}‹iY¬>0ëY1¾ǝDÅsD12‹i>1ë1Dǝ¤>2}}ǝV

      #  Calculate the next day in line

      #  (see the linked challenge above for a detailed explanation of this)

   Y  #  And leave it on the stack

 })   # After the loop: wrap the entire stack into a list, which contains our 100 days

Then, with the input-date as the middle, I only leave the 17 before and 17 after that input-date from the list:

DJ          # Duplicate the 100 dates, and join the day/month/year together to strings

  IJ        # Push the input, also joined together

    k       # Get the 0-based index of the input in this list

            # (the joins are necessary, because indexing doesn't work for 2D lists)

     18+    # Add 18 to this index (18 instead of 17, because the index is 0-based)

        £   # Only leave the first index+18 items from the 100 dates

     35.£   # Then only leave the last 35 items

Now we have our 35 days. Next step is to calculate the day of the week, and create the header of the output-table:

¬                # Get the first date of the list (without popping the list itself)

 .•4ιõ÷‡o‹ƶ¸•    # Push compressed string "sasumotuwethfr"

             2ô  # Split it into chunks of size 2

s                # Swap to get the first date again

 `UÐ3‹12*+>13*5÷s3‹Xα©т%D4÷®т÷©4÷®·()DćsćsO7%

                 # Calculate the day of the week (sa=0; su=1; ...; fr=6)

                 # (see the linked challenge above for a detailed explanation of this)

  ._             # Rotate the list of strings that many times

See this 05AB1E tip of mine (section How to compress strings not part of the dictionary?) to understand why .•4ιõ÷‡o‹ƶ¸• is "sasumotuwethfr".

Then we create the days to fill the table itself based on our earlier created list of dates. Which we'll merge together with the header. After which we can print the final result:

s           # Swap to get the list of dates again

 €н         # Only leave the first item of each date (the days)

   T‰       # Take the divmod 10 of each

     J      # Join those divmod results together

            # (we now have leading 0s for single-digit days)

      «     # Merge this list together with the header list

       7ô   # Split it into chunks of size 7

         »  # Join each inner list by spaces, and then each string by newlines

            # (and output the result implicitly)

JavaScript (Node.js), 205 152 145 bytes

f=

d=>`012345`.replace(g=/./g,r=>`0123456

`.replace(g,c=>`${new Date(d-864e5*(24-c-r*7))[+r?`getUTCDate`:`toUTCString`]()}`.slice(0,2).padStart(3)))

<input type=date oninput=o.textContent=f(this.valueAsDate)><pre id=o>

Try it online! Takes input as JavaScript Date object or timestamp. Edit: Saved 1 byte thanks to @EmbodimentofIgnorance, which then allowed me to save a further 7 bytes by adding a trailing newline to the output. Saved 52 bytes when I discovered that I was working around behaviour that was not actually buggy in the first place...

Perl 6, 87 bytes

{~rotate(<Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We>,.day-of-week),|comb 21,($_-17..$_+17)>>.day.fmt('%2d')}

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Takes a Date object, returns a list of lines.

C# (Visual C# Interactive Compiler), 124 120 bytes

n=>{for(int i=0;i<42;)Write($"{(i<7?$"{n.AddDays(i-3):ddd}".Remove(2,1):n.AddDays(i-24).Day+""),3}"+(++i%7<1?"n":""));}

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Wolfram Language (Mathematica), 123 bytes

(s=#;Grid@Join[{StringTake[ToString@DayName[s~d~#]&/@Range[-3,3],2]},Partition[Last@d[s,#]&/@Range[-17,17],7]])&

d=DatePlus

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I don't know why Grid doesn't work on TIO but this code outputs this

@DavidC saved 1 byte

MATL, 34 33 31 bytes

YO-17:17+t7:)8XOO3Z(!1ew7XOU7e!

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Explanation

YO       % Implicit input. Convert to date number. This is a single number

         % that specifies the date

-17:17   % Push [-17 -16 ... 16 17]

+        % Add to date number, element-wise. This gives a row vector of 35

         % date numbers centered around the input date

t        % Duplicate

7:       % Push [1 2 ... 7]

)        % Index into the 35-element vector. This keeps the first 7 entries

8XO      % Convert to day-of-week in 3 letters. Gives a 3-col char matrix

O3Z(     % Write char 0 (equivalent to space for display purposes) into the

         % 3rd column

!1e      % Tranpose and linearize into a row. This produces a string such as

         % 'Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo ', to be used as column headings

w        % Swap. This brings to top the row vector of 35 date numbers

         % computed from the input

7XO      % Convert to day-of-month. Gives a 2-col char matrix

U        % Convert each row to number

7e!      % Reshape into 7-row matrix and transpose

         % Implicit display. This prints the string with the headings and

         % the matrix. The latter has a minimum-one-space separation between

         % columns, so it is aligned with the headings

Java (JDK), 149 bytes

d->{d.add(5,-24);for(int i=0,w;i<42;d.add(5,1))System.out.printf("%c%2s",i%7<1?10:32,i++<7?"SaSuMoTuWeThFr".substring(w=d.get(7)%7*2,w+2):d.get(5));}

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Credits

• -13 bytes thanks to Kevin Cruijssen.

PHP, 197 189 187 bytes

for($d=date_create($argn)->sub($i=new DateInterval(P17D)),$i->d=1;$x++<35;$h.=$x<8?substr($d->format(D),0,2).' ':'',$d->add($i))$o.=str_pad($d->format(j),3,' ',2);echo wordwrap($h.$o,20);

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Input is STDIN as a date string. Run with php -nF.

$ echo April 2 2019|php -nF cal.php



Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr 

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 

30 31  1  2  3  4  5 

 6  7  8  9 10 11 12 

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 

Verify all test cases

Or 174 bytes with zero-padded single digits.

Red, 153 131 bytes

func[d][s: d - 24 loop 7[prin[""copy/part system/locale/days/(s/10) 2]s:

s + 1]loop 5[print""loop 7[prin pad/left s/4 3 s: s + 1]]]

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T-SQL, 203 bytes

DECLARE @f date='2020-02-19'



,@ char(20)=0,@d char(105)=0SELECT

@=left(format(d,'D'),2)+' '+@,@d=right(d,2)+char(32-n%7/6*19)+@d

FROM(SELECT dateadd(d,number-17,@f)d,number n

FROM spt_values WHERE'P'=type)x ORDER BY-n

PRINT @+'

'+@d

The online version is slightly different, this posted version works in MS-SQL Studio Management. It saves 1 bytes compared with the online version, but doesn't give the correct result online

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Python 2, 115 bytes

from datetime import*

d=input()

for i in range(42):print(d+timedelta(i-24)).strftime('%'+'da'[i<7])[:2]+i%7/6*'n',

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Not sure if this is allowed... takes input from STDIN in the form date(year, month, day). This can also be represented as __import__('datetime').date(year, month, day). These are really __import__('datetime').date objects.

Excel VBA, 190 bytes

Function z(i)

Dim d(5, 6)

v = DateValue(i) - 17

For x = 1 To 5

For y = 0 To 6

d(0, y) = Left(WeekdayName(Weekday(v + y)), 2)

d(x, y) = day(v + y + (x - 1) * 7)

Next

Next

z = d()

End Function

Takes input in the form of a valid date string for Excel VBA (e.g. February 19, 2020; 2/19/2020; 19-Feb-2019), and returns an array with the given calendar centered on it.