What are PATH and other environment variables, and how can I set or use them?
Questions about
- setting environment variables
- the
PATH
are very common here, and in most cases the answers are very similar to each other. In the future it would be nice to have a good Q/A for this.
So the question is: What are environment variables, like the executable PATH
, and how can I change and use them on major operating systems?
A good answer would include a simple explanation of what environment variables and especially PATH
mean to the OS, as well as simple guidelines on how to set and read them accordingly.
path environment-variables community-faq
|
show 1 more comment
Questions about
- setting environment variables
- the
PATH
are very common here, and in most cases the answers are very similar to each other. In the future it would be nice to have a good Q/A for this.
So the question is: What are environment variables, like the executable PATH
, and how can I change and use them on major operating systems?
A good answer would include a simple explanation of what environment variables and especially PATH
mean to the OS, as well as simple guidelines on how to set and read them accordingly.
path environment-variables community-faq
2
Tired of having to do it manually each time I needed to, I wrote some registry entries to add context menu entries for AddToPath and RemoveFromPath to folders, utilizing a free app called pathed.exe . Following is the link to the complete guide: addictivetips.com/windows-tips/… I can now very easily add folders to PATH variable or remove them from it, without having to edit any file or worry about messing up the formatting of the variable. Hope it helps. =)
– Haroon Q. Raja
Apr 16 '12 at 14:48
1
On Windows there is a shortcut for opening properties of System ie. Control Panel -> System It's WIN key on keyboard + Pause/Break (WIN+Break). This is extremely helpful and speeding up process of setting new environmental variables on Win8 because there you have to click through several windows in modern ui (Yeah. If it's modern then I'll grow a cactus on my palm) which is just annoying. Of course you can create powershell script or use setx command and don't worry any more about it :D
– termil0r
Nov 8 '12 at 16:59
In Windows 8, the fastest navigation to changing system and user environment variables is using search. <kbd>Win</kbd>+<kbd>W</kbd> brings up the search for all settings. Search forenv
and the needed options are listed.
– FRIdSUN
Feb 25 '14 at 0:10
I think it's faster and clearer by openingCMD
and typingset
, orPowerShell
and typingGet-Childitem env:
.
– paradroid
Feb 25 '14 at 0:17
If you're editing the path variable a lot (like when setting up a new system), it might help to have a shortcut to the System Properties dialog on the desktop. To do so, right click on the desktop, select New Shortcut, and enter systempropertiesadvanced.exe. Then you can click on the link to get to the System Properties dialog, then click on Environment Variables to get to the dialog with the path settings.
– Brian Burns
Mar 9 '15 at 18:12
|
show 1 more comment
Questions about
- setting environment variables
- the
PATH
are very common here, and in most cases the answers are very similar to each other. In the future it would be nice to have a good Q/A for this.
So the question is: What are environment variables, like the executable PATH
, and how can I change and use them on major operating systems?
A good answer would include a simple explanation of what environment variables and especially PATH
mean to the OS, as well as simple guidelines on how to set and read them accordingly.
path environment-variables community-faq
Questions about
- setting environment variables
- the
PATH
are very common here, and in most cases the answers are very similar to each other. In the future it would be nice to have a good Q/A for this.
So the question is: What are environment variables, like the executable PATH
, and how can I change and use them on major operating systems?
A good answer would include a simple explanation of what environment variables and especially PATH
mean to the OS, as well as simple guidelines on how to set and read them accordingly.
path environment-variables community-faq
path environment-variables community-faq
edited Oct 1 '11 at 12:08
Daniel Beck♦
92.5k12232285
92.5k12232285
asked May 16 '11 at 18:25
slhckslhck
160k47445467
160k47445467
2
Tired of having to do it manually each time I needed to, I wrote some registry entries to add context menu entries for AddToPath and RemoveFromPath to folders, utilizing a free app called pathed.exe . Following is the link to the complete guide: addictivetips.com/windows-tips/… I can now very easily add folders to PATH variable or remove them from it, without having to edit any file or worry about messing up the formatting of the variable. Hope it helps. =)
– Haroon Q. Raja
Apr 16 '12 at 14:48
1
On Windows there is a shortcut for opening properties of System ie. Control Panel -> System It's WIN key on keyboard + Pause/Break (WIN+Break). This is extremely helpful and speeding up process of setting new environmental variables on Win8 because there you have to click through several windows in modern ui (Yeah. If it's modern then I'll grow a cactus on my palm) which is just annoying. Of course you can create powershell script or use setx command and don't worry any more about it :D
– termil0r
Nov 8 '12 at 16:59
In Windows 8, the fastest navigation to changing system and user environment variables is using search. <kbd>Win</kbd>+<kbd>W</kbd> brings up the search for all settings. Search forenv
and the needed options are listed.
– FRIdSUN
Feb 25 '14 at 0:10
I think it's faster and clearer by openingCMD
and typingset
, orPowerShell
and typingGet-Childitem env:
.
– paradroid
Feb 25 '14 at 0:17
If you're editing the path variable a lot (like when setting up a new system), it might help to have a shortcut to the System Properties dialog on the desktop. To do so, right click on the desktop, select New Shortcut, and enter systempropertiesadvanced.exe. Then you can click on the link to get to the System Properties dialog, then click on Environment Variables to get to the dialog with the path settings.
– Brian Burns
Mar 9 '15 at 18:12
|
show 1 more comment
2
Tired of having to do it manually each time I needed to, I wrote some registry entries to add context menu entries for AddToPath and RemoveFromPath to folders, utilizing a free app called pathed.exe . Following is the link to the complete guide: addictivetips.com/windows-tips/… I can now very easily add folders to PATH variable or remove them from it, without having to edit any file or worry about messing up the formatting of the variable. Hope it helps. =)
– Haroon Q. Raja
Apr 16 '12 at 14:48
1
On Windows there is a shortcut for opening properties of System ie. Control Panel -> System It's WIN key on keyboard + Pause/Break (WIN+Break). This is extremely helpful and speeding up process of setting new environmental variables on Win8 because there you have to click through several windows in modern ui (Yeah. If it's modern then I'll grow a cactus on my palm) which is just annoying. Of course you can create powershell script or use setx command and don't worry any more about it :D
– termil0r
Nov 8 '12 at 16:59
In Windows 8, the fastest navigation to changing system and user environment variables is using search. <kbd>Win</kbd>+<kbd>W</kbd> brings up the search for all settings. Search forenv
and the needed options are listed.
– FRIdSUN
Feb 25 '14 at 0:10
I think it's faster and clearer by openingCMD
and typingset
, orPowerShell
and typingGet-Childitem env:
.
– paradroid
Feb 25 '14 at 0:17
If you're editing the path variable a lot (like when setting up a new system), it might help to have a shortcut to the System Properties dialog on the desktop. To do so, right click on the desktop, select New Shortcut, and enter systempropertiesadvanced.exe. Then you can click on the link to get to the System Properties dialog, then click on Environment Variables to get to the dialog with the path settings.
– Brian Burns
Mar 9 '15 at 18:12
2
2
Tired of having to do it manually each time I needed to, I wrote some registry entries to add context menu entries for AddToPath and RemoveFromPath to folders, utilizing a free app called pathed.exe . Following is the link to the complete guide: addictivetips.com/windows-tips/… I can now very easily add folders to PATH variable or remove them from it, without having to edit any file or worry about messing up the formatting of the variable. Hope it helps. =)
– Haroon Q. Raja
Apr 16 '12 at 14:48
Tired of having to do it manually each time I needed to, I wrote some registry entries to add context menu entries for AddToPath and RemoveFromPath to folders, utilizing a free app called pathed.exe . Following is the link to the complete guide: addictivetips.com/windows-tips/… I can now very easily add folders to PATH variable or remove them from it, without having to edit any file or worry about messing up the formatting of the variable. Hope it helps. =)
– Haroon Q. Raja
Apr 16 '12 at 14:48
1
1
On Windows there is a shortcut for opening properties of System ie. Control Panel -> System It's WIN key on keyboard + Pause/Break (WIN+Break). This is extremely helpful and speeding up process of setting new environmental variables on Win8 because there you have to click through several windows in modern ui (Yeah. If it's modern then I'll grow a cactus on my palm) which is just annoying. Of course you can create powershell script or use setx command and don't worry any more about it :D
– termil0r
Nov 8 '12 at 16:59
On Windows there is a shortcut for opening properties of System ie. Control Panel -> System It's WIN key on keyboard + Pause/Break (WIN+Break). This is extremely helpful and speeding up process of setting new environmental variables on Win8 because there you have to click through several windows in modern ui (Yeah. If it's modern then I'll grow a cactus on my palm) which is just annoying. Of course you can create powershell script or use setx command and don't worry any more about it :D
– termil0r
Nov 8 '12 at 16:59
In Windows 8, the fastest navigation to changing system and user environment variables is using search. <kbd>Win</kbd>+<kbd>W</kbd> brings up the search for all settings. Search for
env
and the needed options are listed.– FRIdSUN
Feb 25 '14 at 0:10
In Windows 8, the fastest navigation to changing system and user environment variables is using search. <kbd>Win</kbd>+<kbd>W</kbd> brings up the search for all settings. Search for
env
and the needed options are listed.– FRIdSUN
Feb 25 '14 at 0:10
I think it's faster and clearer by opening
CMD
and typing set
, or PowerShell
and typing Get-Childitem env:
.– paradroid
Feb 25 '14 at 0:17
I think it's faster and clearer by opening
CMD
and typing set
, or PowerShell
and typing Get-Childitem env:
.– paradroid
Feb 25 '14 at 0:17
If you're editing the path variable a lot (like when setting up a new system), it might help to have a shortcut to the System Properties dialog on the desktop. To do so, right click on the desktop, select New Shortcut, and enter systempropertiesadvanced.exe. Then you can click on the link to get to the System Properties dialog, then click on Environment Variables to get to the dialog with the path settings.
– Brian Burns
Mar 9 '15 at 18:12
If you're editing the path variable a lot (like when setting up a new system), it might help to have a shortcut to the System Properties dialog on the desktop. To do so, right click on the desktop, select New Shortcut, and enter systempropertiesadvanced.exe. Then you can click on the link to get to the System Properties dialog, then click on Environment Variables to get to the dialog with the path settings.
– Brian Burns
Mar 9 '15 at 18:12
|
show 1 more comment
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
What are Environment Variables?
Environment variables hold values related to the current environment, like the Operating System or user sessions.
Path
One of the most well-known is called PATH
on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. It specifies the directories in which executable programs* are located on the machine that can be started without knowing and typing the whole path to the file on the command line. (Or in Windows, the Run dialog in the Start Menu or +R).
On Linux and Mac OS X, it usually holds all bin
and sbin
directories relevant for the current user. On Windows, it contains at least the C:Windows
and C:Windowssystem32
directories — that's why you can run calc.exe
or notepad.exe
from the command line or Run dialog, but not firefox.exe
. (Firefox is located in C:Program FilesMozilla Firefox
. For information on how to include Firefox, go here.)
For example, typing calc
(the .exe
can be omitted) in the command line on Windows will start up the Windows Calculator.
* You can add support for file extensions other than .exe
by editing %PATHEXT%
.
Other
Other variables might tell programs what kind of terminal is used (TERM
on Linux/Mac OS X), or, on Windows, where the Windows folder is located (e.g., %WINDIR%
is C:Windows
).
Creating new environment variables
In Windows, Linux and Unix, it's possible to create new environment variables, whose values are then made available to all programs upon launch.
You can use this when writing scripts or programs that are installed or deployed to multiple machines and need to reference values that are specific to these machines. While a similar effect can be achieved using program-specific configuration settings, it's easier to do this using an environment variable if multiple programs need to access the same value.
Windows
GUI
Open
Control Panel » System » Advanced » Environment Variables
.
Type
control sysdm.cpl,,3
in the Run dialog (+R) and clickEnvironment Variables
.
For editing user variables you can also type
%windir%System32rundll32.exe sysdm.cpl,EditEnvironmentVariables
in the Run dialog.
Right-click (My) Computer and click on Properties, or simply press +Break.
- In XP click on
Advanced » Environment Variables
. - In Vista+ click on
Advanced system settings » Environment Variables
.
- In XP click on
There are many other ways of reaching the same place, such as by typing "environment variables" in the Start Menu/Screen search box and so on.
Environment variables in Windows are separated into user and machine/system specific values. You can view and edit their values there. Their current values upon launch are made available to all programs.
There is also Rapid Environment Editor, which helps setting and changing environment variables in Windows without the need to go deep into the system settings. Another open source program for Windows with which the path environment can be edited very conveniently is Path Editor.
Command Line
Format
Environment Variables in Windows are denoted with percent signs (%) surrounding the name:
%name%
echo
To display an environment variable's value in cmd.exe
, type echo %name%
.
C:>echo %USERPROFILE%
C:UsersDaniel
set
To create/set a variable, use set varname=value
:
C:>set FunnyCatPictures=C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures
C:>set FunnyCatPicturesTwo=%USERPROFILE%PicturesFunny Cat Pictures 2
To append/add a variable, use set varname=value;%varname%
:
C:>set Penguins=C:Linux
C:>set Penguins=C:Windows;%Penguins%
C:>echo %Penguins%
C:Windows;C:Linux
Environment variables set in this way are available for (the rest of)
the duration of the Command Prompt process in which they are set,
and are available to processes that are started after the variables were set.
setx
To create/set a variable permanently, use setx varname "value"
:
C:>setx FunnyCatPictures "C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures"
[Restart CMD]
C:>echo %FunnyCatPictures%
C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures
Unlike set
, there is no equals sign and the value should be enclosed in quotes if it contains any spaces. Note that variables may expand to a string with spaces (e.g., %PATH%
becomes C:Program Files
), so it is best to include quotes around values that contain any variables.
You must manually add setx
to versions of Windows earlier than Vista.
Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools
List of Windows Environment Variables
Here is a list of default environment variables, which are built into Windows. Some examples are:
%WINDIR%
, %SystemRoot%
, %USERPROFILE%
, and %APPDATA%
.
Like most names in Windows, these are case-insensitive.
Unix derivatives (FreeBSD, GNU / Linux, OS X)
Environment Variables in Linux are prefixed with a dollar sign ($) such as $HOME or $HOSTNAME. Many well-known and standard variables are spelled out in capital letters to signify just that. Keep in mind that variable names are case-sensitive, meaning that $User and $USER are entirely unrelated from the shell's point of view.
Unix derivatives define system wide variables in shell scripts located mostly in the /etc
folder, but user-specific values may be given to those variables in scripts located in the home folder (e.g., /etc/profile
, $HOME/.bash_profile
). The .profile
file in the home folder is a common place to define user variables.
Setting variables
These files are regular shell scripts and can contain more than just environment variable declarations. To set an environment variable, use export
. To show your currently defined environment variables in a terminal, run env
.
The export
command is a standard way to define variables. The syntax is very intuitive. The outcome is identical for these two lines, but the first alternative is preferable in case portability to pre-POSIX Bourne shell is necessary.
var=value; export var
export var=value
The C shell and its descendants use a completely different syntax; there, the command is setenv
.
See the Linux documentation project, Path HOWTO for a more thorough discussion on this topic.
Perhaps contrary to common belief, OS X is more "Unix" than Linux. Additionally to the files already mentioned, $PATH can be modified in these files:
/etc/paths
contains all default directories that are added to the path, like/bin
and/usr/sbin
.- Any file in
/etc/paths.d
— commonly used by installers to make the executable files they provide available from the shell without touching system-wide or user-specific configuration files. These files simply contain one path per line. e.g., /Programs/Mozilla/Calendar/bin.
External Links:
Environment Variables in XP
Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools (Includessetx
)
Environment Variables in Windows Vista and Windows 7
Adding executables to the Run Dialog Box
Mac OSX Tips - Setting Environment Variables
TLDP: Path Howto
10
On Windows Vista onwards you can useSETX
to make permanent changes. It has a slightly different syntax.SETX
has to be added from theWindows Server 2003 Resource Kit
for earlier versions ofNT
.
– paradroid
May 16 '11 at 23:58
1
@paradroid Nice, didn't know that (not a Windows user). This topic is community wiki, you can go ahead and just edit in that information.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 17 '11 at 4:05
2
@JdeBP The section title was meant to reference how to set these values on the user interface, which is called shell on Windows, in contrast to the section following, command-line interface. I edited this before I even saw your comment 10 hours ago. Noone ever mentioned that this applied only to Explorer.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:15
1
@JdeBP The answer you linked to doesn't really apply in this case, since you talked about setting the values in the registry. Setting via dialog will broadcast thatWM_SETTINGCHANGE
I imagine, and therefore notify interested parties about the new values. That's why I asked how it applied here. Making something boldface doesn't change its meaning and neither makes it easier to understand, just like repeating the same sentence, only louder. Also, I edited this post a few hours ago to specifically mention that the values the processes receive are set when they are launched.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:19
3
@JdeBP You might also notice that the question is rather basic in nature. Carefully explaining the intricacies of how changes to the environment variables are distributed (seriously,WM_SETTINGCHANGE
? Windows API? This isn't this question's audience!) might not be a good idea, as it might confuse the reader instead of explaining what these variables are about.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:23
|
show 15 more comments
This post is from a more technical point of view than Daniel's, but doesn't explain as much the concepts.
The Wikipedia article is also an excellent referrence.
Linux and most BSDs
In most command-line shells, temporary environment variables are set using export
(sh, bash, zsh) or setenv
(csh, tcsh) commands.
Examples for prepending
$HOME/bin
to$PATH
in bash or zsh:
export PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"
(In this particular case,
export
is unnecessary sincePATH
is already part of the environment.)
csh, tcsh:
setenv PATH "$HOME/bin:$PATH"
Persistent environment variables can be set during several separate stages:
Login:
Login session setup: Linux
pam_env
, which usually reads from/etc/environment
Terminal logins: The shell's "profile" files.
bash
uses/etc/profile
and the first one of:~/.bash_profile
,~/.bash_login
,~/.profile
. Manual pagebash(1)
section Invocation.
Often, the user's profile file includes an explicit call for
~/.bashrc
too.
zsh
: Manual pagezsh(1)
section Startup/shutdown files.csh
and other shells: See apropriate manual pages.
Graphical logins: Not sure; may vary depending on login manager. GDM appears to read
~/.profile
in my system.
Opening of a terminal window:
bash
uses/etc/bash.bashrc
and~/.bashrc
.
Windows NT series
In Command Prompt (
cmd.exe
), useset name=value
to change environment variables for that window.
To append
c:bin
to%PATH%
, use:
set path=%path%;c:bin
This only affects that
cmd.exe
process, and any new processes launched from it.
To make persistent changes, use Control Panel → System → Advanced → Environment Variables. (docs)
Note: While user settings normally override system ones,
PATH
variable is handled specially: both system and user settings are merged into the final value.
Changes are stored to Registry (see below), and apply instantly to all new processes created by Explorer (the graphical shell), for example, through Start Menu.
System-wide environment variables are kept in the Registry,
HKLMSYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlSession ManagerEnvironment
, and loaded at system boot.
User environment is kept in
HKCUEnvironment
and loaded during user logon.
By default, the system also looks for
set
commands inAUTOEXEC.NT
file.
MS-DOS, 16-bit Windows, Windows 9x series
In MS-DOS Prompt (
command.com
), useset name=value
, as in WinNT.
Similarly, running
set
interactively only affects that onecommand.com
instance, along with any new processes launched from it.
To make persistent changes, add or edit apropriate
set
lines inC:AUTOEXEC.BAT
, then reboot.
- Workaround to avoid restarting, for Windows 9x: open a MS-DOS Prompt window, set the apropriate variables, close existing Explorer process (Start → Shut Down → while holding Ctrl+Shift, click Cancel), run
explorer.exe
from the MS-DOS Prompt window.
- Workaround to avoid restarting, for Windows 9x: open a MS-DOS Prompt window, set the apropriate variables, close existing Explorer process (Start → Shut Down → while holding Ctrl+Shift, click Cancel), run
VMS
(Couldn't resist.)
DCL has no concept of "path", but various symbol and command definitions can be put in SYS$LOGIN:LOGIN.COM
.
2
The VMS section is wrong. DCL hasDCL$PATH
for "automatic foreign commands".
– JdeBP
May 24 '11 at 7:17
2
@grawity, What do you mean by "vms couldn't resist..." ?
– Pacerier
Nov 12 '14 at 0:19
add a comment |
For the bash
shell PATH
global (non-terminal) environment variables, I follow the convention used in my Ubuntu VM installation - other shells will vary:
Caveat: The whole shell start-up sequence, which .bashrc
, .profile
, etc. files are sourced in which order?, when do I have to re-login to get visibility to newly defined variables, aliases, etc?, what's the difference between a login, interactive, and non-interactive shell - I do use cron
?, and why when I do a . ~/.bashrc
is my stupid PATH
variable growing longer and longer? are the key questions that come to mind when I'm thinking of my PATH
variable.
In fact, I just completely re-wrote my entire bash startup file set taking ideas from the Ubuntu and cygwin skeleton files, and here are some of my in sites:
- Export the
PATH
and other global environment variables (i.e.LD_LIBRARY_PATH
) variables in the.profile
; - Use logic in
~/.profile
to source$HOME/.bashrc
if it exists; - Fence execution of the
~/.bashrc
with a test for interactive execution, exit otherwise; - Put all the aliases,
shopt
's, prompt setup, history control, terminal setup, function definition, etc. (interactive related setup) in the part of~/.bashrc
that is protected to only run in interactive mode; - Get rid of the other bash startup files, because their existence determines whether the control path through
.profile
and.bashrc
works as expected. That is, unless there are specific requirements to do otherwise, remove~/.bash_profile
&~/.bash_login
; - When I'm at the bash prompt, and I need to update some default setup, I edit my
~/.bashrc
file, then simply source it with a. ~/.bashrc
to get those changes in my current shell. - When I make a change to an environment variable like
PATH
, I need to modify and source my~/.profile
; - I put my calls to fink, port, and brew specific setups in
.profile
.
That's my 2 cents on this topic.
add a comment |
Q: WHAT are Environment Variables ?
A: Environment Variables are similar to variables in any programming language. In the case of Windows or Unix systems they are storing various values to allow for programs and tasks to get necessary OS information or 'Environment' information. For example:
USERPROFILE : users directory within the OS files.
MAIL : where a user's mail can be found within the OS files.
Q: WHAT is the PATH variable specifically?
A: The PATH variable sets directory paths to look in when commands are executed, both for RUN commands, and for internal calls from programs. This prevents a program from needing to know its install location to call other executable processes.
It looks to the Windows Environment System PATH variable and tests each location for the given executable. Thus adding a location to the PATH variable allows an executable to be called directly.
According to this Wikipedia article:
When a command is entered in a command shell or a system call is made by a program to execute a program, the system first searches the current working directory and then searches the path, examining each directory from left to right
Q: HOW to add a location to the PATH variable ?
A: You need to edit the variable string of the Environment Variables PATH variable to include your executable's location.
One way to do this is described here:
- Open the Start Menu and right click on Computer. Select Properties.
- Select Advanced system settings.
- In the Advanced tab, select Environment Variables.
- Select EDIT or NEW. (for PATH you most likely want to EDIT).
- Add your location path. e.g.:
C:wampbinphpphp5.5.12;
I hope this clarifies some of the confusion.
add a comment |
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
What are Environment Variables?
Environment variables hold values related to the current environment, like the Operating System or user sessions.
Path
One of the most well-known is called PATH
on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. It specifies the directories in which executable programs* are located on the machine that can be started without knowing and typing the whole path to the file on the command line. (Or in Windows, the Run dialog in the Start Menu or +R).
On Linux and Mac OS X, it usually holds all bin
and sbin
directories relevant for the current user. On Windows, it contains at least the C:Windows
and C:Windowssystem32
directories — that's why you can run calc.exe
or notepad.exe
from the command line or Run dialog, but not firefox.exe
. (Firefox is located in C:Program FilesMozilla Firefox
. For information on how to include Firefox, go here.)
For example, typing calc
(the .exe
can be omitted) in the command line on Windows will start up the Windows Calculator.
* You can add support for file extensions other than .exe
by editing %PATHEXT%
.
Other
Other variables might tell programs what kind of terminal is used (TERM
on Linux/Mac OS X), or, on Windows, where the Windows folder is located (e.g., %WINDIR%
is C:Windows
).
Creating new environment variables
In Windows, Linux and Unix, it's possible to create new environment variables, whose values are then made available to all programs upon launch.
You can use this when writing scripts or programs that are installed or deployed to multiple machines and need to reference values that are specific to these machines. While a similar effect can be achieved using program-specific configuration settings, it's easier to do this using an environment variable if multiple programs need to access the same value.
Windows
GUI
Open
Control Panel » System » Advanced » Environment Variables
.
Type
control sysdm.cpl,,3
in the Run dialog (+R) and clickEnvironment Variables
.
For editing user variables you can also type
%windir%System32rundll32.exe sysdm.cpl,EditEnvironmentVariables
in the Run dialog.
Right-click (My) Computer and click on Properties, or simply press +Break.
- In XP click on
Advanced » Environment Variables
. - In Vista+ click on
Advanced system settings » Environment Variables
.
- In XP click on
There are many other ways of reaching the same place, such as by typing "environment variables" in the Start Menu/Screen search box and so on.
Environment variables in Windows are separated into user and machine/system specific values. You can view and edit their values there. Their current values upon launch are made available to all programs.
There is also Rapid Environment Editor, which helps setting and changing environment variables in Windows without the need to go deep into the system settings. Another open source program for Windows with which the path environment can be edited very conveniently is Path Editor.
Command Line
Format
Environment Variables in Windows are denoted with percent signs (%) surrounding the name:
%name%
echo
To display an environment variable's value in cmd.exe
, type echo %name%
.
C:>echo %USERPROFILE%
C:UsersDaniel
set
To create/set a variable, use set varname=value
:
C:>set FunnyCatPictures=C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures
C:>set FunnyCatPicturesTwo=%USERPROFILE%PicturesFunny Cat Pictures 2
To append/add a variable, use set varname=value;%varname%
:
C:>set Penguins=C:Linux
C:>set Penguins=C:Windows;%Penguins%
C:>echo %Penguins%
C:Windows;C:Linux
Environment variables set in this way are available for (the rest of)
the duration of the Command Prompt process in which they are set,
and are available to processes that are started after the variables were set.
setx
To create/set a variable permanently, use setx varname "value"
:
C:>setx FunnyCatPictures "C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures"
[Restart CMD]
C:>echo %FunnyCatPictures%
C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures
Unlike set
, there is no equals sign and the value should be enclosed in quotes if it contains any spaces. Note that variables may expand to a string with spaces (e.g., %PATH%
becomes C:Program Files
), so it is best to include quotes around values that contain any variables.
You must manually add setx
to versions of Windows earlier than Vista.
Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools
List of Windows Environment Variables
Here is a list of default environment variables, which are built into Windows. Some examples are:
%WINDIR%
, %SystemRoot%
, %USERPROFILE%
, and %APPDATA%
.
Like most names in Windows, these are case-insensitive.
Unix derivatives (FreeBSD, GNU / Linux, OS X)
Environment Variables in Linux are prefixed with a dollar sign ($) such as $HOME or $HOSTNAME. Many well-known and standard variables are spelled out in capital letters to signify just that. Keep in mind that variable names are case-sensitive, meaning that $User and $USER are entirely unrelated from the shell's point of view.
Unix derivatives define system wide variables in shell scripts located mostly in the /etc
folder, but user-specific values may be given to those variables in scripts located in the home folder (e.g., /etc/profile
, $HOME/.bash_profile
). The .profile
file in the home folder is a common place to define user variables.
Setting variables
These files are regular shell scripts and can contain more than just environment variable declarations. To set an environment variable, use export
. To show your currently defined environment variables in a terminal, run env
.
The export
command is a standard way to define variables. The syntax is very intuitive. The outcome is identical for these two lines, but the first alternative is preferable in case portability to pre-POSIX Bourne shell is necessary.
var=value; export var
export var=value
The C shell and its descendants use a completely different syntax; there, the command is setenv
.
See the Linux documentation project, Path HOWTO for a more thorough discussion on this topic.
Perhaps contrary to common belief, OS X is more "Unix" than Linux. Additionally to the files already mentioned, $PATH can be modified in these files:
/etc/paths
contains all default directories that are added to the path, like/bin
and/usr/sbin
.- Any file in
/etc/paths.d
— commonly used by installers to make the executable files they provide available from the shell without touching system-wide or user-specific configuration files. These files simply contain one path per line. e.g., /Programs/Mozilla/Calendar/bin.
External Links:
Environment Variables in XP
Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools (Includessetx
)
Environment Variables in Windows Vista and Windows 7
Adding executables to the Run Dialog Box
Mac OSX Tips - Setting Environment Variables
TLDP: Path Howto
10
On Windows Vista onwards you can useSETX
to make permanent changes. It has a slightly different syntax.SETX
has to be added from theWindows Server 2003 Resource Kit
for earlier versions ofNT
.
– paradroid
May 16 '11 at 23:58
1
@paradroid Nice, didn't know that (not a Windows user). This topic is community wiki, you can go ahead and just edit in that information.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 17 '11 at 4:05
2
@JdeBP The section title was meant to reference how to set these values on the user interface, which is called shell on Windows, in contrast to the section following, command-line interface. I edited this before I even saw your comment 10 hours ago. Noone ever mentioned that this applied only to Explorer.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:15
1
@JdeBP The answer you linked to doesn't really apply in this case, since you talked about setting the values in the registry. Setting via dialog will broadcast thatWM_SETTINGCHANGE
I imagine, and therefore notify interested parties about the new values. That's why I asked how it applied here. Making something boldface doesn't change its meaning and neither makes it easier to understand, just like repeating the same sentence, only louder. Also, I edited this post a few hours ago to specifically mention that the values the processes receive are set when they are launched.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:19
3
@JdeBP You might also notice that the question is rather basic in nature. Carefully explaining the intricacies of how changes to the environment variables are distributed (seriously,WM_SETTINGCHANGE
? Windows API? This isn't this question's audience!) might not be a good idea, as it might confuse the reader instead of explaining what these variables are about.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:23
|
show 15 more comments
What are Environment Variables?
Environment variables hold values related to the current environment, like the Operating System or user sessions.
Path
One of the most well-known is called PATH
on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. It specifies the directories in which executable programs* are located on the machine that can be started without knowing and typing the whole path to the file on the command line. (Or in Windows, the Run dialog in the Start Menu or +R).
On Linux and Mac OS X, it usually holds all bin
and sbin
directories relevant for the current user. On Windows, it contains at least the C:Windows
and C:Windowssystem32
directories — that's why you can run calc.exe
or notepad.exe
from the command line or Run dialog, but not firefox.exe
. (Firefox is located in C:Program FilesMozilla Firefox
. For information on how to include Firefox, go here.)
For example, typing calc
(the .exe
can be omitted) in the command line on Windows will start up the Windows Calculator.
* You can add support for file extensions other than .exe
by editing %PATHEXT%
.
Other
Other variables might tell programs what kind of terminal is used (TERM
on Linux/Mac OS X), or, on Windows, where the Windows folder is located (e.g., %WINDIR%
is C:Windows
).
Creating new environment variables
In Windows, Linux and Unix, it's possible to create new environment variables, whose values are then made available to all programs upon launch.
You can use this when writing scripts or programs that are installed or deployed to multiple machines and need to reference values that are specific to these machines. While a similar effect can be achieved using program-specific configuration settings, it's easier to do this using an environment variable if multiple programs need to access the same value.
Windows
GUI
Open
Control Panel » System » Advanced » Environment Variables
.
Type
control sysdm.cpl,,3
in the Run dialog (+R) and clickEnvironment Variables
.
For editing user variables you can also type
%windir%System32rundll32.exe sysdm.cpl,EditEnvironmentVariables
in the Run dialog.
Right-click (My) Computer and click on Properties, or simply press +Break.
- In XP click on
Advanced » Environment Variables
. - In Vista+ click on
Advanced system settings » Environment Variables
.
- In XP click on
There are many other ways of reaching the same place, such as by typing "environment variables" in the Start Menu/Screen search box and so on.
Environment variables in Windows are separated into user and machine/system specific values. You can view and edit their values there. Their current values upon launch are made available to all programs.
There is also Rapid Environment Editor, which helps setting and changing environment variables in Windows without the need to go deep into the system settings. Another open source program for Windows with which the path environment can be edited very conveniently is Path Editor.
Command Line
Format
Environment Variables in Windows are denoted with percent signs (%) surrounding the name:
%name%
echo
To display an environment variable's value in cmd.exe
, type echo %name%
.
C:>echo %USERPROFILE%
C:UsersDaniel
set
To create/set a variable, use set varname=value
:
C:>set FunnyCatPictures=C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures
C:>set FunnyCatPicturesTwo=%USERPROFILE%PicturesFunny Cat Pictures 2
To append/add a variable, use set varname=value;%varname%
:
C:>set Penguins=C:Linux
C:>set Penguins=C:Windows;%Penguins%
C:>echo %Penguins%
C:Windows;C:Linux
Environment variables set in this way are available for (the rest of)
the duration of the Command Prompt process in which they are set,
and are available to processes that are started after the variables were set.
setx
To create/set a variable permanently, use setx varname "value"
:
C:>setx FunnyCatPictures "C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures"
[Restart CMD]
C:>echo %FunnyCatPictures%
C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures
Unlike set
, there is no equals sign and the value should be enclosed in quotes if it contains any spaces. Note that variables may expand to a string with spaces (e.g., %PATH%
becomes C:Program Files
), so it is best to include quotes around values that contain any variables.
You must manually add setx
to versions of Windows earlier than Vista.
Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools
List of Windows Environment Variables
Here is a list of default environment variables, which are built into Windows. Some examples are:
%WINDIR%
, %SystemRoot%
, %USERPROFILE%
, and %APPDATA%
.
Like most names in Windows, these are case-insensitive.
Unix derivatives (FreeBSD, GNU / Linux, OS X)
Environment Variables in Linux are prefixed with a dollar sign ($) such as $HOME or $HOSTNAME. Many well-known and standard variables are spelled out in capital letters to signify just that. Keep in mind that variable names are case-sensitive, meaning that $User and $USER are entirely unrelated from the shell's point of view.
Unix derivatives define system wide variables in shell scripts located mostly in the /etc
folder, but user-specific values may be given to those variables in scripts located in the home folder (e.g., /etc/profile
, $HOME/.bash_profile
). The .profile
file in the home folder is a common place to define user variables.
Setting variables
These files are regular shell scripts and can contain more than just environment variable declarations. To set an environment variable, use export
. To show your currently defined environment variables in a terminal, run env
.
The export
command is a standard way to define variables. The syntax is very intuitive. The outcome is identical for these two lines, but the first alternative is preferable in case portability to pre-POSIX Bourne shell is necessary.
var=value; export var
export var=value
The C shell and its descendants use a completely different syntax; there, the command is setenv
.
See the Linux documentation project, Path HOWTO for a more thorough discussion on this topic.
Perhaps contrary to common belief, OS X is more "Unix" than Linux. Additionally to the files already mentioned, $PATH can be modified in these files:
/etc/paths
contains all default directories that are added to the path, like/bin
and/usr/sbin
.- Any file in
/etc/paths.d
— commonly used by installers to make the executable files they provide available from the shell without touching system-wide or user-specific configuration files. These files simply contain one path per line. e.g., /Programs/Mozilla/Calendar/bin.
External Links:
Environment Variables in XP
Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools (Includessetx
)
Environment Variables in Windows Vista and Windows 7
Adding executables to the Run Dialog Box
Mac OSX Tips - Setting Environment Variables
TLDP: Path Howto
10
On Windows Vista onwards you can useSETX
to make permanent changes. It has a slightly different syntax.SETX
has to be added from theWindows Server 2003 Resource Kit
for earlier versions ofNT
.
– paradroid
May 16 '11 at 23:58
1
@paradroid Nice, didn't know that (not a Windows user). This topic is community wiki, you can go ahead and just edit in that information.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 17 '11 at 4:05
2
@JdeBP The section title was meant to reference how to set these values on the user interface, which is called shell on Windows, in contrast to the section following, command-line interface. I edited this before I even saw your comment 10 hours ago. Noone ever mentioned that this applied only to Explorer.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:15
1
@JdeBP The answer you linked to doesn't really apply in this case, since you talked about setting the values in the registry. Setting via dialog will broadcast thatWM_SETTINGCHANGE
I imagine, and therefore notify interested parties about the new values. That's why I asked how it applied here. Making something boldface doesn't change its meaning and neither makes it easier to understand, just like repeating the same sentence, only louder. Also, I edited this post a few hours ago to specifically mention that the values the processes receive are set when they are launched.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:19
3
@JdeBP You might also notice that the question is rather basic in nature. Carefully explaining the intricacies of how changes to the environment variables are distributed (seriously,WM_SETTINGCHANGE
? Windows API? This isn't this question's audience!) might not be a good idea, as it might confuse the reader instead of explaining what these variables are about.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:23
|
show 15 more comments
What are Environment Variables?
Environment variables hold values related to the current environment, like the Operating System or user sessions.
Path
One of the most well-known is called PATH
on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. It specifies the directories in which executable programs* are located on the machine that can be started without knowing and typing the whole path to the file on the command line. (Or in Windows, the Run dialog in the Start Menu or +R).
On Linux and Mac OS X, it usually holds all bin
and sbin
directories relevant for the current user. On Windows, it contains at least the C:Windows
and C:Windowssystem32
directories — that's why you can run calc.exe
or notepad.exe
from the command line or Run dialog, but not firefox.exe
. (Firefox is located in C:Program FilesMozilla Firefox
. For information on how to include Firefox, go here.)
For example, typing calc
(the .exe
can be omitted) in the command line on Windows will start up the Windows Calculator.
* You can add support for file extensions other than .exe
by editing %PATHEXT%
.
Other
Other variables might tell programs what kind of terminal is used (TERM
on Linux/Mac OS X), or, on Windows, where the Windows folder is located (e.g., %WINDIR%
is C:Windows
).
Creating new environment variables
In Windows, Linux and Unix, it's possible to create new environment variables, whose values are then made available to all programs upon launch.
You can use this when writing scripts or programs that are installed or deployed to multiple machines and need to reference values that are specific to these machines. While a similar effect can be achieved using program-specific configuration settings, it's easier to do this using an environment variable if multiple programs need to access the same value.
Windows
GUI
Open
Control Panel » System » Advanced » Environment Variables
.
Type
control sysdm.cpl,,3
in the Run dialog (+R) and clickEnvironment Variables
.
For editing user variables you can also type
%windir%System32rundll32.exe sysdm.cpl,EditEnvironmentVariables
in the Run dialog.
Right-click (My) Computer and click on Properties, or simply press +Break.
- In XP click on
Advanced » Environment Variables
. - In Vista+ click on
Advanced system settings » Environment Variables
.
- In XP click on
There are many other ways of reaching the same place, such as by typing "environment variables" in the Start Menu/Screen search box and so on.
Environment variables in Windows are separated into user and machine/system specific values. You can view and edit their values there. Their current values upon launch are made available to all programs.
There is also Rapid Environment Editor, which helps setting and changing environment variables in Windows without the need to go deep into the system settings. Another open source program for Windows with which the path environment can be edited very conveniently is Path Editor.
Command Line
Format
Environment Variables in Windows are denoted with percent signs (%) surrounding the name:
%name%
echo
To display an environment variable's value in cmd.exe
, type echo %name%
.
C:>echo %USERPROFILE%
C:UsersDaniel
set
To create/set a variable, use set varname=value
:
C:>set FunnyCatPictures=C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures
C:>set FunnyCatPicturesTwo=%USERPROFILE%PicturesFunny Cat Pictures 2
To append/add a variable, use set varname=value;%varname%
:
C:>set Penguins=C:Linux
C:>set Penguins=C:Windows;%Penguins%
C:>echo %Penguins%
C:Windows;C:Linux
Environment variables set in this way are available for (the rest of)
the duration of the Command Prompt process in which they are set,
and are available to processes that are started after the variables were set.
setx
To create/set a variable permanently, use setx varname "value"
:
C:>setx FunnyCatPictures "C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures"
[Restart CMD]
C:>echo %FunnyCatPictures%
C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures
Unlike set
, there is no equals sign and the value should be enclosed in quotes if it contains any spaces. Note that variables may expand to a string with spaces (e.g., %PATH%
becomes C:Program Files
), so it is best to include quotes around values that contain any variables.
You must manually add setx
to versions of Windows earlier than Vista.
Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools
List of Windows Environment Variables
Here is a list of default environment variables, which are built into Windows. Some examples are:
%WINDIR%
, %SystemRoot%
, %USERPROFILE%
, and %APPDATA%
.
Like most names in Windows, these are case-insensitive.
Unix derivatives (FreeBSD, GNU / Linux, OS X)
Environment Variables in Linux are prefixed with a dollar sign ($) such as $HOME or $HOSTNAME. Many well-known and standard variables are spelled out in capital letters to signify just that. Keep in mind that variable names are case-sensitive, meaning that $User and $USER are entirely unrelated from the shell's point of view.
Unix derivatives define system wide variables in shell scripts located mostly in the /etc
folder, but user-specific values may be given to those variables in scripts located in the home folder (e.g., /etc/profile
, $HOME/.bash_profile
). The .profile
file in the home folder is a common place to define user variables.
Setting variables
These files are regular shell scripts and can contain more than just environment variable declarations. To set an environment variable, use export
. To show your currently defined environment variables in a terminal, run env
.
The export
command is a standard way to define variables. The syntax is very intuitive. The outcome is identical for these two lines, but the first alternative is preferable in case portability to pre-POSIX Bourne shell is necessary.
var=value; export var
export var=value
The C shell and its descendants use a completely different syntax; there, the command is setenv
.
See the Linux documentation project, Path HOWTO for a more thorough discussion on this topic.
Perhaps contrary to common belief, OS X is more "Unix" than Linux. Additionally to the files already mentioned, $PATH can be modified in these files:
/etc/paths
contains all default directories that are added to the path, like/bin
and/usr/sbin
.- Any file in
/etc/paths.d
— commonly used by installers to make the executable files they provide available from the shell without touching system-wide or user-specific configuration files. These files simply contain one path per line. e.g., /Programs/Mozilla/Calendar/bin.
External Links:
Environment Variables in XP
Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools (Includessetx
)
Environment Variables in Windows Vista and Windows 7
Adding executables to the Run Dialog Box
Mac OSX Tips - Setting Environment Variables
TLDP: Path Howto
What are Environment Variables?
Environment variables hold values related to the current environment, like the Operating System or user sessions.
Path
One of the most well-known is called PATH
on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. It specifies the directories in which executable programs* are located on the machine that can be started without knowing and typing the whole path to the file on the command line. (Or in Windows, the Run dialog in the Start Menu or +R).
On Linux and Mac OS X, it usually holds all bin
and sbin
directories relevant for the current user. On Windows, it contains at least the C:Windows
and C:Windowssystem32
directories — that's why you can run calc.exe
or notepad.exe
from the command line or Run dialog, but not firefox.exe
. (Firefox is located in C:Program FilesMozilla Firefox
. For information on how to include Firefox, go here.)
For example, typing calc
(the .exe
can be omitted) in the command line on Windows will start up the Windows Calculator.
* You can add support for file extensions other than .exe
by editing %PATHEXT%
.
Other
Other variables might tell programs what kind of terminal is used (TERM
on Linux/Mac OS X), or, on Windows, where the Windows folder is located (e.g., %WINDIR%
is C:Windows
).
Creating new environment variables
In Windows, Linux and Unix, it's possible to create new environment variables, whose values are then made available to all programs upon launch.
You can use this when writing scripts or programs that are installed or deployed to multiple machines and need to reference values that are specific to these machines. While a similar effect can be achieved using program-specific configuration settings, it's easier to do this using an environment variable if multiple programs need to access the same value.
Windows
GUI
Open
Control Panel » System » Advanced » Environment Variables
.
Type
control sysdm.cpl,,3
in the Run dialog (+R) and clickEnvironment Variables
.
For editing user variables you can also type
%windir%System32rundll32.exe sysdm.cpl,EditEnvironmentVariables
in the Run dialog.
Right-click (My) Computer and click on Properties, or simply press +Break.
- In XP click on
Advanced » Environment Variables
. - In Vista+ click on
Advanced system settings » Environment Variables
.
- In XP click on
There are many other ways of reaching the same place, such as by typing "environment variables" in the Start Menu/Screen search box and so on.
Environment variables in Windows are separated into user and machine/system specific values. You can view and edit their values there. Their current values upon launch are made available to all programs.
There is also Rapid Environment Editor, which helps setting and changing environment variables in Windows without the need to go deep into the system settings. Another open source program for Windows with which the path environment can be edited very conveniently is Path Editor.
Command Line
Format
Environment Variables in Windows are denoted with percent signs (%) surrounding the name:
%name%
echo
To display an environment variable's value in cmd.exe
, type echo %name%
.
C:>echo %USERPROFILE%
C:UsersDaniel
set
To create/set a variable, use set varname=value
:
C:>set FunnyCatPictures=C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures
C:>set FunnyCatPicturesTwo=%USERPROFILE%PicturesFunny Cat Pictures 2
To append/add a variable, use set varname=value;%varname%
:
C:>set Penguins=C:Linux
C:>set Penguins=C:Windows;%Penguins%
C:>echo %Penguins%
C:Windows;C:Linux
Environment variables set in this way are available for (the rest of)
the duration of the Command Prompt process in which they are set,
and are available to processes that are started after the variables were set.
setx
To create/set a variable permanently, use setx varname "value"
:
C:>setx FunnyCatPictures "C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures"
[Restart CMD]
C:>echo %FunnyCatPictures%
C:UsersDanielPicturesFunny Cat Pictures
Unlike set
, there is no equals sign and the value should be enclosed in quotes if it contains any spaces. Note that variables may expand to a string with spaces (e.g., %PATH%
becomes C:Program Files
), so it is best to include quotes around values that contain any variables.
You must manually add setx
to versions of Windows earlier than Vista.
Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools
List of Windows Environment Variables
Here is a list of default environment variables, which are built into Windows. Some examples are:
%WINDIR%
, %SystemRoot%
, %USERPROFILE%
, and %APPDATA%
.
Like most names in Windows, these are case-insensitive.
Unix derivatives (FreeBSD, GNU / Linux, OS X)
Environment Variables in Linux are prefixed with a dollar sign ($) such as $HOME or $HOSTNAME. Many well-known and standard variables are spelled out in capital letters to signify just that. Keep in mind that variable names are case-sensitive, meaning that $User and $USER are entirely unrelated from the shell's point of view.
Unix derivatives define system wide variables in shell scripts located mostly in the /etc
folder, but user-specific values may be given to those variables in scripts located in the home folder (e.g., /etc/profile
, $HOME/.bash_profile
). The .profile
file in the home folder is a common place to define user variables.
Setting variables
These files are regular shell scripts and can contain more than just environment variable declarations. To set an environment variable, use export
. To show your currently defined environment variables in a terminal, run env
.
The export
command is a standard way to define variables. The syntax is very intuitive. The outcome is identical for these two lines, but the first alternative is preferable in case portability to pre-POSIX Bourne shell is necessary.
var=value; export var
export var=value
The C shell and its descendants use a completely different syntax; there, the command is setenv
.
See the Linux documentation project, Path HOWTO for a more thorough discussion on this topic.
Perhaps contrary to common belief, OS X is more "Unix" than Linux. Additionally to the files already mentioned, $PATH can be modified in these files:
/etc/paths
contains all default directories that are added to the path, like/bin
and/usr/sbin
.- Any file in
/etc/paths.d
— commonly used by installers to make the executable files they provide available from the shell without touching system-wide or user-specific configuration files. These files simply contain one path per line. e.g., /Programs/Mozilla/Calendar/bin.
External Links:
Environment Variables in XP
Windows XP Service Pack 2 Support Tools (Includessetx
)
Environment Variables in Windows Vista and Windows 7
Adding executables to the Run Dialog Box
Mac OSX Tips - Setting Environment Variables
TLDP: Path Howto
edited May 10 '16 at 16:50
Mokubai♦
57.1k16135154
57.1k16135154
answered May 16 '11 at 18:44
Daniel Beck♦Daniel Beck
92.5k12232285
92.5k12232285
10
On Windows Vista onwards you can useSETX
to make permanent changes. It has a slightly different syntax.SETX
has to be added from theWindows Server 2003 Resource Kit
for earlier versions ofNT
.
– paradroid
May 16 '11 at 23:58
1
@paradroid Nice, didn't know that (not a Windows user). This topic is community wiki, you can go ahead and just edit in that information.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 17 '11 at 4:05
2
@JdeBP The section title was meant to reference how to set these values on the user interface, which is called shell on Windows, in contrast to the section following, command-line interface. I edited this before I even saw your comment 10 hours ago. Noone ever mentioned that this applied only to Explorer.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:15
1
@JdeBP The answer you linked to doesn't really apply in this case, since you talked about setting the values in the registry. Setting via dialog will broadcast thatWM_SETTINGCHANGE
I imagine, and therefore notify interested parties about the new values. That's why I asked how it applied here. Making something boldface doesn't change its meaning and neither makes it easier to understand, just like repeating the same sentence, only louder. Also, I edited this post a few hours ago to specifically mention that the values the processes receive are set when they are launched.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:19
3
@JdeBP You might also notice that the question is rather basic in nature. Carefully explaining the intricacies of how changes to the environment variables are distributed (seriously,WM_SETTINGCHANGE
? Windows API? This isn't this question's audience!) might not be a good idea, as it might confuse the reader instead of explaining what these variables are about.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:23
|
show 15 more comments
10
On Windows Vista onwards you can useSETX
to make permanent changes. It has a slightly different syntax.SETX
has to be added from theWindows Server 2003 Resource Kit
for earlier versions ofNT
.
– paradroid
May 16 '11 at 23:58
1
@paradroid Nice, didn't know that (not a Windows user). This topic is community wiki, you can go ahead and just edit in that information.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 17 '11 at 4:05
2
@JdeBP The section title was meant to reference how to set these values on the user interface, which is called shell on Windows, in contrast to the section following, command-line interface. I edited this before I even saw your comment 10 hours ago. Noone ever mentioned that this applied only to Explorer.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:15
1
@JdeBP The answer you linked to doesn't really apply in this case, since you talked about setting the values in the registry. Setting via dialog will broadcast thatWM_SETTINGCHANGE
I imagine, and therefore notify interested parties about the new values. That's why I asked how it applied here. Making something boldface doesn't change its meaning and neither makes it easier to understand, just like repeating the same sentence, only louder. Also, I edited this post a few hours ago to specifically mention that the values the processes receive are set when they are launched.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:19
3
@JdeBP You might also notice that the question is rather basic in nature. Carefully explaining the intricacies of how changes to the environment variables are distributed (seriously,WM_SETTINGCHANGE
? Windows API? This isn't this question's audience!) might not be a good idea, as it might confuse the reader instead of explaining what these variables are about.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:23
10
10
On Windows Vista onwards you can use
SETX
to make permanent changes. It has a slightly different syntax. SETX
has to be added from the Windows Server 2003 Resource Kit
for earlier versions of NT
.– paradroid
May 16 '11 at 23:58
On Windows Vista onwards you can use
SETX
to make permanent changes. It has a slightly different syntax. SETX
has to be added from the Windows Server 2003 Resource Kit
for earlier versions of NT
.– paradroid
May 16 '11 at 23:58
1
1
@paradroid Nice, didn't know that (not a Windows user). This topic is community wiki, you can go ahead and just edit in that information.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 17 '11 at 4:05
@paradroid Nice, didn't know that (not a Windows user). This topic is community wiki, you can go ahead and just edit in that information.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 17 '11 at 4:05
2
2
@JdeBP The section title was meant to reference how to set these values on the user interface, which is called shell on Windows, in contrast to the section following, command-line interface. I edited this before I even saw your comment 10 hours ago. Noone ever mentioned that this applied only to Explorer.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:15
@JdeBP The section title was meant to reference how to set these values on the user interface, which is called shell on Windows, in contrast to the section following, command-line interface. I edited this before I even saw your comment 10 hours ago. Noone ever mentioned that this applied only to Explorer.
– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:15
1
1
@JdeBP The answer you linked to doesn't really apply in this case, since you talked about setting the values in the registry. Setting via dialog will broadcast that
WM_SETTINGCHANGE
I imagine, and therefore notify interested parties about the new values. That's why I asked how it applied here. Making something boldface doesn't change its meaning and neither makes it easier to understand, just like repeating the same sentence, only louder. Also, I edited this post a few hours ago to specifically mention that the values the processes receive are set when they are launched.– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:19
@JdeBP The answer you linked to doesn't really apply in this case, since you talked about setting the values in the registry. Setting via dialog will broadcast that
WM_SETTINGCHANGE
I imagine, and therefore notify interested parties about the new values. That's why I asked how it applied here. Making something boldface doesn't change its meaning and neither makes it easier to understand, just like repeating the same sentence, only louder. Also, I edited this post a few hours ago to specifically mention that the values the processes receive are set when they are launched.– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:19
3
3
@JdeBP You might also notice that the question is rather basic in nature. Carefully explaining the intricacies of how changes to the environment variables are distributed (seriously,
WM_SETTINGCHANGE
? Windows API? This isn't this question's audience!) might not be a good idea, as it might confuse the reader instead of explaining what these variables are about.– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:23
@JdeBP You might also notice that the question is rather basic in nature. Carefully explaining the intricacies of how changes to the environment variables are distributed (seriously,
WM_SETTINGCHANGE
? Windows API? This isn't this question's audience!) might not be a good idea, as it might confuse the reader instead of explaining what these variables are about.– Daniel Beck♦
May 24 '11 at 18:23
|
show 15 more comments
This post is from a more technical point of view than Daniel's, but doesn't explain as much the concepts.
The Wikipedia article is also an excellent referrence.
Linux and most BSDs
In most command-line shells, temporary environment variables are set using export
(sh, bash, zsh) or setenv
(csh, tcsh) commands.
Examples for prepending
$HOME/bin
to$PATH
in bash or zsh:
export PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"
(In this particular case,
export
is unnecessary sincePATH
is already part of the environment.)
csh, tcsh:
setenv PATH "$HOME/bin:$PATH"
Persistent environment variables can be set during several separate stages:
Login:
Login session setup: Linux
pam_env
, which usually reads from/etc/environment
Terminal logins: The shell's "profile" files.
bash
uses/etc/profile
and the first one of:~/.bash_profile
,~/.bash_login
,~/.profile
. Manual pagebash(1)
section Invocation.
Often, the user's profile file includes an explicit call for
~/.bashrc
too.
zsh
: Manual pagezsh(1)
section Startup/shutdown files.csh
and other shells: See apropriate manual pages.
Graphical logins: Not sure; may vary depending on login manager. GDM appears to read
~/.profile
in my system.
Opening of a terminal window:
bash
uses/etc/bash.bashrc
and~/.bashrc
.
Windows NT series
In Command Prompt (
cmd.exe
), useset name=value
to change environment variables for that window.
To append
c:bin
to%PATH%
, use:
set path=%path%;c:bin
This only affects that
cmd.exe
process, and any new processes launched from it.
To make persistent changes, use Control Panel → System → Advanced → Environment Variables. (docs)
Note: While user settings normally override system ones,
PATH
variable is handled specially: both system and user settings are merged into the final value.
Changes are stored to Registry (see below), and apply instantly to all new processes created by Explorer (the graphical shell), for example, through Start Menu.
System-wide environment variables are kept in the Registry,
HKLMSYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlSession ManagerEnvironment
, and loaded at system boot.
User environment is kept in
HKCUEnvironment
and loaded during user logon.
By default, the system also looks for
set
commands inAUTOEXEC.NT
file.
MS-DOS, 16-bit Windows, Windows 9x series
In MS-DOS Prompt (
command.com
), useset name=value
, as in WinNT.
Similarly, running
set
interactively only affects that onecommand.com
instance, along with any new processes launched from it.
To make persistent changes, add or edit apropriate
set
lines inC:AUTOEXEC.BAT
, then reboot.
- Workaround to avoid restarting, for Windows 9x: open a MS-DOS Prompt window, set the apropriate variables, close existing Explorer process (Start → Shut Down → while holding Ctrl+Shift, click Cancel), run
explorer.exe
from the MS-DOS Prompt window.
- Workaround to avoid restarting, for Windows 9x: open a MS-DOS Prompt window, set the apropriate variables, close existing Explorer process (Start → Shut Down → while holding Ctrl+Shift, click Cancel), run
VMS
(Couldn't resist.)
DCL has no concept of "path", but various symbol and command definitions can be put in SYS$LOGIN:LOGIN.COM
.
2
The VMS section is wrong. DCL hasDCL$PATH
for "automatic foreign commands".
– JdeBP
May 24 '11 at 7:17
2
@grawity, What do you mean by "vms couldn't resist..." ?
– Pacerier
Nov 12 '14 at 0:19
add a comment |
This post is from a more technical point of view than Daniel's, but doesn't explain as much the concepts.
The Wikipedia article is also an excellent referrence.
Linux and most BSDs
In most command-line shells, temporary environment variables are set using export
(sh, bash, zsh) or setenv
(csh, tcsh) commands.
Examples for prepending
$HOME/bin
to$PATH
in bash or zsh:
export PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"
(In this particular case,
export
is unnecessary sincePATH
is already part of the environment.)
csh, tcsh:
setenv PATH "$HOME/bin:$PATH"
Persistent environment variables can be set during several separate stages:
Login:
Login session setup: Linux
pam_env
, which usually reads from/etc/environment
Terminal logins: The shell's "profile" files.
bash
uses/etc/profile
and the first one of:~/.bash_profile
,~/.bash_login
,~/.profile
. Manual pagebash(1)
section Invocation.
Often, the user's profile file includes an explicit call for
~/.bashrc
too.
zsh
: Manual pagezsh(1)
section Startup/shutdown files.csh
and other shells: See apropriate manual pages.
Graphical logins: Not sure; may vary depending on login manager. GDM appears to read
~/.profile
in my system.
Opening of a terminal window:
bash
uses/etc/bash.bashrc
and~/.bashrc
.
Windows NT series
In Command Prompt (
cmd.exe
), useset name=value
to change environment variables for that window.
To append
c:bin
to%PATH%
, use:
set path=%path%;c:bin
This only affects that
cmd.exe
process, and any new processes launched from it.
To make persistent changes, use Control Panel → System → Advanced → Environment Variables. (docs)
Note: While user settings normally override system ones,
PATH
variable is handled specially: both system and user settings are merged into the final value.
Changes are stored to Registry (see below), and apply instantly to all new processes created by Explorer (the graphical shell), for example, through Start Menu.
System-wide environment variables are kept in the Registry,
HKLMSYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlSession ManagerEnvironment
, and loaded at system boot.
User environment is kept in
HKCUEnvironment
and loaded during user logon.
By default, the system also looks for
set
commands inAUTOEXEC.NT
file.
MS-DOS, 16-bit Windows, Windows 9x series
In MS-DOS Prompt (
command.com
), useset name=value
, as in WinNT.
Similarly, running
set
interactively only affects that onecommand.com
instance, along with any new processes launched from it.
To make persistent changes, add or edit apropriate
set
lines inC:AUTOEXEC.BAT
, then reboot.
- Workaround to avoid restarting, for Windows 9x: open a MS-DOS Prompt window, set the apropriate variables, close existing Explorer process (Start → Shut Down → while holding Ctrl+Shift, click Cancel), run
explorer.exe
from the MS-DOS Prompt window.
- Workaround to avoid restarting, for Windows 9x: open a MS-DOS Prompt window, set the apropriate variables, close existing Explorer process (Start → Shut Down → while holding Ctrl+Shift, click Cancel), run
VMS
(Couldn't resist.)
DCL has no concept of "path", but various symbol and command definitions can be put in SYS$LOGIN:LOGIN.COM
.
2
The VMS section is wrong. DCL hasDCL$PATH
for "automatic foreign commands".
– JdeBP
May 24 '11 at 7:17
2
@grawity, What do you mean by "vms couldn't resist..." ?
– Pacerier
Nov 12 '14 at 0:19
add a comment |
This post is from a more technical point of view than Daniel's, but doesn't explain as much the concepts.
The Wikipedia article is also an excellent referrence.
Linux and most BSDs
In most command-line shells, temporary environment variables are set using export
(sh, bash, zsh) or setenv
(csh, tcsh) commands.
Examples for prepending
$HOME/bin
to$PATH
in bash or zsh:
export PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"
(In this particular case,
export
is unnecessary sincePATH
is already part of the environment.)
csh, tcsh:
setenv PATH "$HOME/bin:$PATH"
Persistent environment variables can be set during several separate stages:
Login:
Login session setup: Linux
pam_env
, which usually reads from/etc/environment
Terminal logins: The shell's "profile" files.
bash
uses/etc/profile
and the first one of:~/.bash_profile
,~/.bash_login
,~/.profile
. Manual pagebash(1)
section Invocation.
Often, the user's profile file includes an explicit call for
~/.bashrc
too.
zsh
: Manual pagezsh(1)
section Startup/shutdown files.csh
and other shells: See apropriate manual pages.
Graphical logins: Not sure; may vary depending on login manager. GDM appears to read
~/.profile
in my system.
Opening of a terminal window:
bash
uses/etc/bash.bashrc
and~/.bashrc
.
Windows NT series
In Command Prompt (
cmd.exe
), useset name=value
to change environment variables for that window.
To append
c:bin
to%PATH%
, use:
set path=%path%;c:bin
This only affects that
cmd.exe
process, and any new processes launched from it.
To make persistent changes, use Control Panel → System → Advanced → Environment Variables. (docs)
Note: While user settings normally override system ones,
PATH
variable is handled specially: both system and user settings are merged into the final value.
Changes are stored to Registry (see below), and apply instantly to all new processes created by Explorer (the graphical shell), for example, through Start Menu.
System-wide environment variables are kept in the Registry,
HKLMSYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlSession ManagerEnvironment
, and loaded at system boot.
User environment is kept in
HKCUEnvironment
and loaded during user logon.
By default, the system also looks for
set
commands inAUTOEXEC.NT
file.
MS-DOS, 16-bit Windows, Windows 9x series
In MS-DOS Prompt (
command.com
), useset name=value
, as in WinNT.
Similarly, running
set
interactively only affects that onecommand.com
instance, along with any new processes launched from it.
To make persistent changes, add or edit apropriate
set
lines inC:AUTOEXEC.BAT
, then reboot.
- Workaround to avoid restarting, for Windows 9x: open a MS-DOS Prompt window, set the apropriate variables, close existing Explorer process (Start → Shut Down → while holding Ctrl+Shift, click Cancel), run
explorer.exe
from the MS-DOS Prompt window.
- Workaround to avoid restarting, for Windows 9x: open a MS-DOS Prompt window, set the apropriate variables, close existing Explorer process (Start → Shut Down → while holding Ctrl+Shift, click Cancel), run
VMS
(Couldn't resist.)
DCL has no concept of "path", but various symbol and command definitions can be put in SYS$LOGIN:LOGIN.COM
.
This post is from a more technical point of view than Daniel's, but doesn't explain as much the concepts.
The Wikipedia article is also an excellent referrence.
Linux and most BSDs
In most command-line shells, temporary environment variables are set using export
(sh, bash, zsh) or setenv
(csh, tcsh) commands.
Examples for prepending
$HOME/bin
to$PATH
in bash or zsh:
export PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"
(In this particular case,
export
is unnecessary sincePATH
is already part of the environment.)
csh, tcsh:
setenv PATH "$HOME/bin:$PATH"
Persistent environment variables can be set during several separate stages:
Login:
Login session setup: Linux
pam_env
, which usually reads from/etc/environment
Terminal logins: The shell's "profile" files.
bash
uses/etc/profile
and the first one of:~/.bash_profile
,~/.bash_login
,~/.profile
. Manual pagebash(1)
section Invocation.
Often, the user's profile file includes an explicit call for
~/.bashrc
too.
zsh
: Manual pagezsh(1)
section Startup/shutdown files.csh
and other shells: See apropriate manual pages.
Graphical logins: Not sure; may vary depending on login manager. GDM appears to read
~/.profile
in my system.
Opening of a terminal window:
bash
uses/etc/bash.bashrc
and~/.bashrc
.
Windows NT series
In Command Prompt (
cmd.exe
), useset name=value
to change environment variables for that window.
To append
c:bin
to%PATH%
, use:
set path=%path%;c:bin
This only affects that
cmd.exe
process, and any new processes launched from it.
To make persistent changes, use Control Panel → System → Advanced → Environment Variables. (docs)
Note: While user settings normally override system ones,
PATH
variable is handled specially: both system and user settings are merged into the final value.
Changes are stored to Registry (see below), and apply instantly to all new processes created by Explorer (the graphical shell), for example, through Start Menu.
System-wide environment variables are kept in the Registry,
HKLMSYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlSession ManagerEnvironment
, and loaded at system boot.
User environment is kept in
HKCUEnvironment
and loaded during user logon.
By default, the system also looks for
set
commands inAUTOEXEC.NT
file.
MS-DOS, 16-bit Windows, Windows 9x series
In MS-DOS Prompt (
command.com
), useset name=value
, as in WinNT.
Similarly, running
set
interactively only affects that onecommand.com
instance, along with any new processes launched from it.
To make persistent changes, add or edit apropriate
set
lines inC:AUTOEXEC.BAT
, then reboot.
- Workaround to avoid restarting, for Windows 9x: open a MS-DOS Prompt window, set the apropriate variables, close existing Explorer process (Start → Shut Down → while holding Ctrl+Shift, click Cancel), run
explorer.exe
from the MS-DOS Prompt window.
- Workaround to avoid restarting, for Windows 9x: open a MS-DOS Prompt window, set the apropriate variables, close existing Explorer process (Start → Shut Down → while holding Ctrl+Shift, click Cancel), run
VMS
(Couldn't resist.)
DCL has no concept of "path", but various symbol and command definitions can be put in SYS$LOGIN:LOGIN.COM
.
edited Jan 24 '12 at 0:58
studiohack♦
11.3k1880114
11.3k1880114
answered May 16 '11 at 19:03
grawitygrawity
236k37498553
236k37498553
2
The VMS section is wrong. DCL hasDCL$PATH
for "automatic foreign commands".
– JdeBP
May 24 '11 at 7:17
2
@grawity, What do you mean by "vms couldn't resist..." ?
– Pacerier
Nov 12 '14 at 0:19
add a comment |
2
The VMS section is wrong. DCL hasDCL$PATH
for "automatic foreign commands".
– JdeBP
May 24 '11 at 7:17
2
@grawity, What do you mean by "vms couldn't resist..." ?
– Pacerier
Nov 12 '14 at 0:19
2
2
The VMS section is wrong. DCL has
DCL$PATH
for "automatic foreign commands".– JdeBP
May 24 '11 at 7:17
The VMS section is wrong. DCL has
DCL$PATH
for "automatic foreign commands".– JdeBP
May 24 '11 at 7:17
2
2
@grawity, What do you mean by "vms couldn't resist..." ?
– Pacerier
Nov 12 '14 at 0:19
@grawity, What do you mean by "vms couldn't resist..." ?
– Pacerier
Nov 12 '14 at 0:19
add a comment |
For the bash
shell PATH
global (non-terminal) environment variables, I follow the convention used in my Ubuntu VM installation - other shells will vary:
Caveat: The whole shell start-up sequence, which .bashrc
, .profile
, etc. files are sourced in which order?, when do I have to re-login to get visibility to newly defined variables, aliases, etc?, what's the difference between a login, interactive, and non-interactive shell - I do use cron
?, and why when I do a . ~/.bashrc
is my stupid PATH
variable growing longer and longer? are the key questions that come to mind when I'm thinking of my PATH
variable.
In fact, I just completely re-wrote my entire bash startup file set taking ideas from the Ubuntu and cygwin skeleton files, and here are some of my in sites:
- Export the
PATH
and other global environment variables (i.e.LD_LIBRARY_PATH
) variables in the.profile
; - Use logic in
~/.profile
to source$HOME/.bashrc
if it exists; - Fence execution of the
~/.bashrc
with a test for interactive execution, exit otherwise; - Put all the aliases,
shopt
's, prompt setup, history control, terminal setup, function definition, etc. (interactive related setup) in the part of~/.bashrc
that is protected to only run in interactive mode; - Get rid of the other bash startup files, because their existence determines whether the control path through
.profile
and.bashrc
works as expected. That is, unless there are specific requirements to do otherwise, remove~/.bash_profile
&~/.bash_login
; - When I'm at the bash prompt, and I need to update some default setup, I edit my
~/.bashrc
file, then simply source it with a. ~/.bashrc
to get those changes in my current shell. - When I make a change to an environment variable like
PATH
, I need to modify and source my~/.profile
; - I put my calls to fink, port, and brew specific setups in
.profile
.
That's my 2 cents on this topic.
add a comment |
For the bash
shell PATH
global (non-terminal) environment variables, I follow the convention used in my Ubuntu VM installation - other shells will vary:
Caveat: The whole shell start-up sequence, which .bashrc
, .profile
, etc. files are sourced in which order?, when do I have to re-login to get visibility to newly defined variables, aliases, etc?, what's the difference between a login, interactive, and non-interactive shell - I do use cron
?, and why when I do a . ~/.bashrc
is my stupid PATH
variable growing longer and longer? are the key questions that come to mind when I'm thinking of my PATH
variable.
In fact, I just completely re-wrote my entire bash startup file set taking ideas from the Ubuntu and cygwin skeleton files, and here are some of my in sites:
- Export the
PATH
and other global environment variables (i.e.LD_LIBRARY_PATH
) variables in the.profile
; - Use logic in
~/.profile
to source$HOME/.bashrc
if it exists; - Fence execution of the
~/.bashrc
with a test for interactive execution, exit otherwise; - Put all the aliases,
shopt
's, prompt setup, history control, terminal setup, function definition, etc. (interactive related setup) in the part of~/.bashrc
that is protected to only run in interactive mode; - Get rid of the other bash startup files, because their existence determines whether the control path through
.profile
and.bashrc
works as expected. That is, unless there are specific requirements to do otherwise, remove~/.bash_profile
&~/.bash_login
; - When I'm at the bash prompt, and I need to update some default setup, I edit my
~/.bashrc
file, then simply source it with a. ~/.bashrc
to get those changes in my current shell. - When I make a change to an environment variable like
PATH
, I need to modify and source my~/.profile
; - I put my calls to fink, port, and brew specific setups in
.profile
.
That's my 2 cents on this topic.
add a comment |
For the bash
shell PATH
global (non-terminal) environment variables, I follow the convention used in my Ubuntu VM installation - other shells will vary:
Caveat: The whole shell start-up sequence, which .bashrc
, .profile
, etc. files are sourced in which order?, when do I have to re-login to get visibility to newly defined variables, aliases, etc?, what's the difference between a login, interactive, and non-interactive shell - I do use cron
?, and why when I do a . ~/.bashrc
is my stupid PATH
variable growing longer and longer? are the key questions that come to mind when I'm thinking of my PATH
variable.
In fact, I just completely re-wrote my entire bash startup file set taking ideas from the Ubuntu and cygwin skeleton files, and here are some of my in sites:
- Export the
PATH
and other global environment variables (i.e.LD_LIBRARY_PATH
) variables in the.profile
; - Use logic in
~/.profile
to source$HOME/.bashrc
if it exists; - Fence execution of the
~/.bashrc
with a test for interactive execution, exit otherwise; - Put all the aliases,
shopt
's, prompt setup, history control, terminal setup, function definition, etc. (interactive related setup) in the part of~/.bashrc
that is protected to only run in interactive mode; - Get rid of the other bash startup files, because their existence determines whether the control path through
.profile
and.bashrc
works as expected. That is, unless there are specific requirements to do otherwise, remove~/.bash_profile
&~/.bash_login
; - When I'm at the bash prompt, and I need to update some default setup, I edit my
~/.bashrc
file, then simply source it with a. ~/.bashrc
to get those changes in my current shell. - When I make a change to an environment variable like
PATH
, I need to modify and source my~/.profile
; - I put my calls to fink, port, and brew specific setups in
.profile
.
That's my 2 cents on this topic.
For the bash
shell PATH
global (non-terminal) environment variables, I follow the convention used in my Ubuntu VM installation - other shells will vary:
Caveat: The whole shell start-up sequence, which .bashrc
, .profile
, etc. files are sourced in which order?, when do I have to re-login to get visibility to newly defined variables, aliases, etc?, what's the difference between a login, interactive, and non-interactive shell - I do use cron
?, and why when I do a . ~/.bashrc
is my stupid PATH
variable growing longer and longer? are the key questions that come to mind when I'm thinking of my PATH
variable.
In fact, I just completely re-wrote my entire bash startup file set taking ideas from the Ubuntu and cygwin skeleton files, and here are some of my in sites:
- Export the
PATH
and other global environment variables (i.e.LD_LIBRARY_PATH
) variables in the.profile
; - Use logic in
~/.profile
to source$HOME/.bashrc
if it exists; - Fence execution of the
~/.bashrc
with a test for interactive execution, exit otherwise; - Put all the aliases,
shopt
's, prompt setup, history control, terminal setup, function definition, etc. (interactive related setup) in the part of~/.bashrc
that is protected to only run in interactive mode; - Get rid of the other bash startup files, because their existence determines whether the control path through
.profile
and.bashrc
works as expected. That is, unless there are specific requirements to do otherwise, remove~/.bash_profile
&~/.bash_login
; - When I'm at the bash prompt, and I need to update some default setup, I edit my
~/.bashrc
file, then simply source it with a. ~/.bashrc
to get those changes in my current shell. - When I make a change to an environment variable like
PATH
, I need to modify and source my~/.profile
; - I put my calls to fink, port, and brew specific setups in
.profile
.
That's my 2 cents on this topic.
edited Jan 15 '14 at 17:56
answered Jan 15 '14 at 17:49
Billy McCloskeyBilly McCloskey
1,31221322
1,31221322
add a comment |
add a comment |
Q: WHAT are Environment Variables ?
A: Environment Variables are similar to variables in any programming language. In the case of Windows or Unix systems they are storing various values to allow for programs and tasks to get necessary OS information or 'Environment' information. For example:
USERPROFILE : users directory within the OS files.
MAIL : where a user's mail can be found within the OS files.
Q: WHAT is the PATH variable specifically?
A: The PATH variable sets directory paths to look in when commands are executed, both for RUN commands, and for internal calls from programs. This prevents a program from needing to know its install location to call other executable processes.
It looks to the Windows Environment System PATH variable and tests each location for the given executable. Thus adding a location to the PATH variable allows an executable to be called directly.
According to this Wikipedia article:
When a command is entered in a command shell or a system call is made by a program to execute a program, the system first searches the current working directory and then searches the path, examining each directory from left to right
Q: HOW to add a location to the PATH variable ?
A: You need to edit the variable string of the Environment Variables PATH variable to include your executable's location.
One way to do this is described here:
- Open the Start Menu and right click on Computer. Select Properties.
- Select Advanced system settings.
- In the Advanced tab, select Environment Variables.
- Select EDIT or NEW. (for PATH you most likely want to EDIT).
- Add your location path. e.g.:
C:wampbinphpphp5.5.12;
I hope this clarifies some of the confusion.
add a comment |
Q: WHAT are Environment Variables ?
A: Environment Variables are similar to variables in any programming language. In the case of Windows or Unix systems they are storing various values to allow for programs and tasks to get necessary OS information or 'Environment' information. For example:
USERPROFILE : users directory within the OS files.
MAIL : where a user's mail can be found within the OS files.
Q: WHAT is the PATH variable specifically?
A: The PATH variable sets directory paths to look in when commands are executed, both for RUN commands, and for internal calls from programs. This prevents a program from needing to know its install location to call other executable processes.
It looks to the Windows Environment System PATH variable and tests each location for the given executable. Thus adding a location to the PATH variable allows an executable to be called directly.
According to this Wikipedia article:
When a command is entered in a command shell or a system call is made by a program to execute a program, the system first searches the current working directory and then searches the path, examining each directory from left to right
Q: HOW to add a location to the PATH variable ?
A: You need to edit the variable string of the Environment Variables PATH variable to include your executable's location.
One way to do this is described here:
- Open the Start Menu and right click on Computer. Select Properties.
- Select Advanced system settings.
- In the Advanced tab, select Environment Variables.
- Select EDIT or NEW. (for PATH you most likely want to EDIT).
- Add your location path. e.g.:
C:wampbinphpphp5.5.12;
I hope this clarifies some of the confusion.
add a comment |
Q: WHAT are Environment Variables ?
A: Environment Variables are similar to variables in any programming language. In the case of Windows or Unix systems they are storing various values to allow for programs and tasks to get necessary OS information or 'Environment' information. For example:
USERPROFILE : users directory within the OS files.
MAIL : where a user's mail can be found within the OS files.
Q: WHAT is the PATH variable specifically?
A: The PATH variable sets directory paths to look in when commands are executed, both for RUN commands, and for internal calls from programs. This prevents a program from needing to know its install location to call other executable processes.
It looks to the Windows Environment System PATH variable and tests each location for the given executable. Thus adding a location to the PATH variable allows an executable to be called directly.
According to this Wikipedia article:
When a command is entered in a command shell or a system call is made by a program to execute a program, the system first searches the current working directory and then searches the path, examining each directory from left to right
Q: HOW to add a location to the PATH variable ?
A: You need to edit the variable string of the Environment Variables PATH variable to include your executable's location.
One way to do this is described here:
- Open the Start Menu and right click on Computer. Select Properties.
- Select Advanced system settings.
- In the Advanced tab, select Environment Variables.
- Select EDIT or NEW. (for PATH you most likely want to EDIT).
- Add your location path. e.g.:
C:wampbinphpphp5.5.12;
I hope this clarifies some of the confusion.
Q: WHAT are Environment Variables ?
A: Environment Variables are similar to variables in any programming language. In the case of Windows or Unix systems they are storing various values to allow for programs and tasks to get necessary OS information or 'Environment' information. For example:
USERPROFILE : users directory within the OS files.
MAIL : where a user's mail can be found within the OS files.
Q: WHAT is the PATH variable specifically?
A: The PATH variable sets directory paths to look in when commands are executed, both for RUN commands, and for internal calls from programs. This prevents a program from needing to know its install location to call other executable processes.
It looks to the Windows Environment System PATH variable and tests each location for the given executable. Thus adding a location to the PATH variable allows an executable to be called directly.
According to this Wikipedia article:
When a command is entered in a command shell or a system call is made by a program to execute a program, the system first searches the current working directory and then searches the path, examining each directory from left to right
Q: HOW to add a location to the PATH variable ?
A: You need to edit the variable string of the Environment Variables PATH variable to include your executable's location.
One way to do this is described here:
- Open the Start Menu and right click on Computer. Select Properties.
- Select Advanced system settings.
- In the Advanced tab, select Environment Variables.
- Select EDIT or NEW. (for PATH you most likely want to EDIT).
- Add your location path. e.g.:
C:wampbinphpphp5.5.12;
I hope this clarifies some of the confusion.
edited Oct 9 '18 at 2:59
Twisty Impersonator
18.3k146597
18.3k146597
answered Jul 25 '14 at 9:57
user945389user945389
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2
Tired of having to do it manually each time I needed to, I wrote some registry entries to add context menu entries for AddToPath and RemoveFromPath to folders, utilizing a free app called pathed.exe . Following is the link to the complete guide: addictivetips.com/windows-tips/… I can now very easily add folders to PATH variable or remove them from it, without having to edit any file or worry about messing up the formatting of the variable. Hope it helps. =)
– Haroon Q. Raja
Apr 16 '12 at 14:48
1
On Windows there is a shortcut for opening properties of System ie. Control Panel -> System It's WIN key on keyboard + Pause/Break (WIN+Break). This is extremely helpful and speeding up process of setting new environmental variables on Win8 because there you have to click through several windows in modern ui (Yeah. If it's modern then I'll grow a cactus on my palm) which is just annoying. Of course you can create powershell script or use setx command and don't worry any more about it :D
– termil0r
Nov 8 '12 at 16:59
In Windows 8, the fastest navigation to changing system and user environment variables is using search. <kbd>Win</kbd>+<kbd>W</kbd> brings up the search for all settings. Search for
env
and the needed options are listed.– FRIdSUN
Feb 25 '14 at 0:10
I think it's faster and clearer by opening
CMD
and typingset
, orPowerShell
and typingGet-Childitem env:
.– paradroid
Feb 25 '14 at 0:17
If you're editing the path variable a lot (like when setting up a new system), it might help to have a shortcut to the System Properties dialog on the desktop. To do so, right click on the desktop, select New Shortcut, and enter systempropertiesadvanced.exe. Then you can click on the link to get to the System Properties dialog, then click on Environment Variables to get to the dialog with the path settings.
– Brian Burns
Mar 9 '15 at 18:12