Using Parseval's identity to show that $frac{pi^2}{8}=1+frac{1}{3^2}+frac{1}{5^2}+frac{1}{7^2}+…$











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By considering the Fourier sine series on the interval $[0,pi]$ for $f(x)=1$, show that $$frac{pi^2}{8}=1+frac{1}{3^2}+frac{1}{5^2}+frac{1}{7^2}+...$$



I am having trouble computing the Fourier sine series, which will have the form $$Sf(x)=frac{a_0}{2}+sum_{k=1}^{infty} a_kcosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right), kgeq 1.$$
I have computed that $a_0=1$ and $a_n=0$, using $$a_0=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x) dx, a_k=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x)cosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right) dx,$$ where $L$ denotes half a period. Once the correct Fourier series is calculated, showing the result using $$Vert{f}Vert^2_{w}=sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w,$$
should not be so hard.





I have found the Fourier sine series, $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ But I having trouble proving the identity in the title. Using Parseval's identity provided above, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result (out by a factor of $pi$). Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$. Please help.










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  • 1




    The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
    – Mattos
    Nov 15 at 7:43












  • Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 7:44












  • No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
    – Mattos
    Nov 15 at 7:46










  • I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
    – Lord Shark the Unknown
    Nov 15 at 7:46










  • @Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 7:53

















up vote
2
down vote

favorite












By considering the Fourier sine series on the interval $[0,pi]$ for $f(x)=1$, show that $$frac{pi^2}{8}=1+frac{1}{3^2}+frac{1}{5^2}+frac{1}{7^2}+...$$



I am having trouble computing the Fourier sine series, which will have the form $$Sf(x)=frac{a_0}{2}+sum_{k=1}^{infty} a_kcosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right), kgeq 1.$$
I have computed that $a_0=1$ and $a_n=0$, using $$a_0=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x) dx, a_k=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x)cosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right) dx,$$ where $L$ denotes half a period. Once the correct Fourier series is calculated, showing the result using $$Vert{f}Vert^2_{w}=sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w,$$
should not be so hard.





I have found the Fourier sine series, $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ But I having trouble proving the identity in the title. Using Parseval's identity provided above, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result (out by a factor of $pi$). Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$. Please help.










share|cite|improve this question




















  • 1




    The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
    – Mattos
    Nov 15 at 7:43












  • Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 7:44












  • No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
    – Mattos
    Nov 15 at 7:46










  • I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
    – Lord Shark the Unknown
    Nov 15 at 7:46










  • @Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 7:53















up vote
2
down vote

favorite









up vote
2
down vote

favorite











By considering the Fourier sine series on the interval $[0,pi]$ for $f(x)=1$, show that $$frac{pi^2}{8}=1+frac{1}{3^2}+frac{1}{5^2}+frac{1}{7^2}+...$$



I am having trouble computing the Fourier sine series, which will have the form $$Sf(x)=frac{a_0}{2}+sum_{k=1}^{infty} a_kcosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right), kgeq 1.$$
I have computed that $a_0=1$ and $a_n=0$, using $$a_0=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x) dx, a_k=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x)cosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right) dx,$$ where $L$ denotes half a period. Once the correct Fourier series is calculated, showing the result using $$Vert{f}Vert^2_{w}=sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w,$$
should not be so hard.





I have found the Fourier sine series, $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ But I having trouble proving the identity in the title. Using Parseval's identity provided above, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result (out by a factor of $pi$). Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$. Please help.










share|cite|improve this question















By considering the Fourier sine series on the interval $[0,pi]$ for $f(x)=1$, show that $$frac{pi^2}{8}=1+frac{1}{3^2}+frac{1}{5^2}+frac{1}{7^2}+...$$



I am having trouble computing the Fourier sine series, which will have the form $$Sf(x)=frac{a_0}{2}+sum_{k=1}^{infty} a_kcosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right), kgeq 1.$$
I have computed that $a_0=1$ and $a_n=0$, using $$a_0=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x) dx, a_k=frac{1}{L}int_{-L}^{L} f(x)cosleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right) dx,$$ where $L$ denotes half a period. Once the correct Fourier series is calculated, showing the result using $$Vert{f}Vert^2_{w}=sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w,$$
should not be so hard.





I have found the Fourier sine series, $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ But I having trouble proving the identity in the title. Using Parseval's identity provided above, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result (out by a factor of $pi$). Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$. Please help.







differential-equations proof-verification fourier-analysis






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edited Nov 15 at 10:00

























asked Nov 15 at 7:42









JulianAngussmith

3810




3810








  • 1




    The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
    – Mattos
    Nov 15 at 7:43












  • Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 7:44












  • No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
    – Mattos
    Nov 15 at 7:46










  • I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
    – Lord Shark the Unknown
    Nov 15 at 7:46










  • @Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 7:53
















  • 1




    The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
    – Mattos
    Nov 15 at 7:43












  • Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 7:44












  • No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
    – Mattos
    Nov 15 at 7:46










  • I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
    – Lord Shark the Unknown
    Nov 15 at 7:46










  • @Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 7:53










1




1




The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
– Mattos
Nov 15 at 7:43






The Fourier sine series should be a series in sine, not cosine. There should also be no constant term in the series.
– Mattos
Nov 15 at 7:43














Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
– JulianAngussmith
Nov 15 at 7:44






Crap. Is this because we are considering an odd function?
– JulianAngussmith
Nov 15 at 7:44














No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
– Mattos
Nov 15 at 7:46




No, it's because the question is asking you to compute the sine series. Note that $f$ is neither even nor odd as it stands, so you need to make an odd extension before computing the coefficients.
– Mattos
Nov 15 at 7:46












I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
– Lord Shark the Unknown
Nov 15 at 7:46




I think you want the function as $f(x)=1$ for $0<x<pi$ and $f(x)=-1$ for $0>x>-pi$. You should get a sine series $sum_1^infty a_ksin kx$. But, if you ask me, complex Fourier series with terms $e^{inx}$ are easier to work with.
– Lord Shark the Unknown
Nov 15 at 7:46












@Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
– JulianAngussmith
Nov 15 at 7:53






@Lord Shark the Unknown Yep, I agree with your extension of the function. You have forced it to be odd. How do I now calculate the Fourier series? For instance, do I now consider the interval $[-pi,pi]$? But then what value should I take for $f$? I very much appreciate your help.
– JulianAngussmith
Nov 15 at 7:53












1 Answer
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up vote
2
down vote













As mentioned in the comments, you're looking for a series of sines, not cosines here. I'm guessing you went for cosines because the function is even, like cosine. But the interval you're looking at here is $[0,pi]$, not $[-pi,pi]$, and in fact in this interval it is the sine function that is symmetric (because $sin(pi-x)=sin x$).



Your Fourier series should then look something like $displaystyle sum a_ksinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right)$, where the $a_k$ are instead given by
$$a_k=frac{2}{pi}int_0^pi f(x)sinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right),dx$$
(so integrating over just half of the interval, from $0$ to $pi$).



Another way to get this same series is to instead extend $f$ by defining $$f(x)=begin{cases}1&x>0\-1&x<0end{cases}$$
on the entire interval $[-pi,pi]$. Now you can use the form of the Fourier series you have in your question; since the function is odd, its series will have only sines. On the interval $[0,pi]$ it is just equal to $1$ still, though.






share|cite|improve this answer





















  • Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 9:52










  • @JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
    – Sorin Tirc
    Nov 15 at 10:26










  • Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 10:45











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1 Answer
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1 Answer
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up vote
2
down vote













As mentioned in the comments, you're looking for a series of sines, not cosines here. I'm guessing you went for cosines because the function is even, like cosine. But the interval you're looking at here is $[0,pi]$, not $[-pi,pi]$, and in fact in this interval it is the sine function that is symmetric (because $sin(pi-x)=sin x$).



Your Fourier series should then look something like $displaystyle sum a_ksinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right)$, where the $a_k$ are instead given by
$$a_k=frac{2}{pi}int_0^pi f(x)sinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right),dx$$
(so integrating over just half of the interval, from $0$ to $pi$).



Another way to get this same series is to instead extend $f$ by defining $$f(x)=begin{cases}1&x>0\-1&x<0end{cases}$$
on the entire interval $[-pi,pi]$. Now you can use the form of the Fourier series you have in your question; since the function is odd, its series will have only sines. On the interval $[0,pi]$ it is just equal to $1$ still, though.






share|cite|improve this answer





















  • Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 9:52










  • @JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
    – Sorin Tirc
    Nov 15 at 10:26










  • Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 10:45















up vote
2
down vote













As mentioned in the comments, you're looking for a series of sines, not cosines here. I'm guessing you went for cosines because the function is even, like cosine. But the interval you're looking at here is $[0,pi]$, not $[-pi,pi]$, and in fact in this interval it is the sine function that is symmetric (because $sin(pi-x)=sin x$).



Your Fourier series should then look something like $displaystyle sum a_ksinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right)$, where the $a_k$ are instead given by
$$a_k=frac{2}{pi}int_0^pi f(x)sinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right),dx$$
(so integrating over just half of the interval, from $0$ to $pi$).



Another way to get this same series is to instead extend $f$ by defining $$f(x)=begin{cases}1&x>0\-1&x<0end{cases}$$
on the entire interval $[-pi,pi]$. Now you can use the form of the Fourier series you have in your question; since the function is odd, its series will have only sines. On the interval $[0,pi]$ it is just equal to $1$ still, though.






share|cite|improve this answer





















  • Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 9:52










  • @JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
    – Sorin Tirc
    Nov 15 at 10:26










  • Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 10:45













up vote
2
down vote










up vote
2
down vote









As mentioned in the comments, you're looking for a series of sines, not cosines here. I'm guessing you went for cosines because the function is even, like cosine. But the interval you're looking at here is $[0,pi]$, not $[-pi,pi]$, and in fact in this interval it is the sine function that is symmetric (because $sin(pi-x)=sin x$).



Your Fourier series should then look something like $displaystyle sum a_ksinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right)$, where the $a_k$ are instead given by
$$a_k=frac{2}{pi}int_0^pi f(x)sinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right),dx$$
(so integrating over just half of the interval, from $0$ to $pi$).



Another way to get this same series is to instead extend $f$ by defining $$f(x)=begin{cases}1&x>0\-1&x<0end{cases}$$
on the entire interval $[-pi,pi]$. Now you can use the form of the Fourier series you have in your question; since the function is odd, its series will have only sines. On the interval $[0,pi]$ it is just equal to $1$ still, though.






share|cite|improve this answer












As mentioned in the comments, you're looking for a series of sines, not cosines here. I'm guessing you went for cosines because the function is even, like cosine. But the interval you're looking at here is $[0,pi]$, not $[-pi,pi]$, and in fact in this interval it is the sine function that is symmetric (because $sin(pi-x)=sin x$).



Your Fourier series should then look something like $displaystyle sum a_ksinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right)$, where the $a_k$ are instead given by
$$a_k=frac{2}{pi}int_0^pi f(x)sinleft(frac{kpi x}{L}right),dx$$
(so integrating over just half of the interval, from $0$ to $pi$).



Another way to get this same series is to instead extend $f$ by defining $$f(x)=begin{cases}1&x>0\-1&x<0end{cases}$$
on the entire interval $[-pi,pi]$. Now you can use the form of the Fourier series you have in your question; since the function is odd, its series will have only sines. On the interval $[0,pi]$ it is just equal to $1$ still, though.







share|cite|improve this answer












share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer










answered Nov 15 at 8:01









Carmeister

2,5742920




2,5742920












  • Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 9:52










  • @JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
    – Sorin Tirc
    Nov 15 at 10:26










  • Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 10:45


















  • Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 9:52










  • @JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
    – Sorin Tirc
    Nov 15 at 10:26










  • Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
    – JulianAngussmith
    Nov 15 at 10:45
















Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
– JulianAngussmith
Nov 15 at 9:52




Thanks, with you help I have found the correct Fourier sine series: $$Sf(x)=frac{4}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty} frac{sin((2j-1)x)}{(2j-1)}.$$ Could you please assist me in concluding the problem using Parseval's identity provided above? Using this, I get that $$Vert fVert^2_w=1, sum_{j=1}^{infty} A^2_jVertphi_jVert^2_w=frac{8}{pi}sum_{j=1}^{infty}frac{1}{(2j-1)^2},$$ which does not show the required result... Note: I took the weight function, $w$, to be $1$.
– JulianAngussmith
Nov 15 at 9:52












@JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
– Sorin Tirc
Nov 15 at 10:26




@JulianAngussmith : isn't the integral of $f^{2}$ over [0,$pi$] equal to $pi$? I think that's what you are missing.
– Sorin Tirc
Nov 15 at 10:26












Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
– JulianAngussmith
Nov 15 at 10:45




Ah yes, thank you a lot! Can I also ask, why does $w=1$?
– JulianAngussmith
Nov 15 at 10:45


















 

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