the derivative of a 3 variable function












0












$begingroup$


i don't know if it's correct but as i remember, the integral of $color{red}{df=dx + dy+dz} $
is: $color{red}{ f=x+y+z}$
and the differential of $color{orange}{f } $ is $color{orange}{d(f) = {partial f over partial x }dx + {partial f over partial y }dy + {partial f over partial z }dz }$ $,,$ so according to the red equation and orange equation, the integral of $d(f)$ should be $color{green}{f={partial f over partial x } + {partial f over partial y } + {partial f over partial z }}$. if we take $f=xyz^2$, with the orange equation df would be $df= yz^2dx + xz^2dy+2xyzdz $ and by the red equation, the f would be $color {blue}{f=xyz^2+xyz^2 + xyz^2 }$ and it is wrong..
i'm super confused..










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  • $begingroup$
    How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
    $endgroup$
    – LutzL
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:29










  • $begingroup$
    Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
    $endgroup$
    – Sean Roberson
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:33










  • $begingroup$
    @LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarah
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:37










  • $begingroup$
    @SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
    $endgroup$
    – Sarah
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:39






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
    $endgroup$
    – Sean Roberson
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:41
















0












$begingroup$


i don't know if it's correct but as i remember, the integral of $color{red}{df=dx + dy+dz} $
is: $color{red}{ f=x+y+z}$
and the differential of $color{orange}{f } $ is $color{orange}{d(f) = {partial f over partial x }dx + {partial f over partial y }dy + {partial f over partial z }dz }$ $,,$ so according to the red equation and orange equation, the integral of $d(f)$ should be $color{green}{f={partial f over partial x } + {partial f over partial y } + {partial f over partial z }}$. if we take $f=xyz^2$, with the orange equation df would be $df= yz^2dx + xz^2dy+2xyzdz $ and by the red equation, the f would be $color {blue}{f=xyz^2+xyz^2 + xyz^2 }$ and it is wrong..
i'm super confused..










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
    $endgroup$
    – LutzL
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:29










  • $begingroup$
    Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
    $endgroup$
    – Sean Roberson
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:33










  • $begingroup$
    @LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarah
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:37










  • $begingroup$
    @SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
    $endgroup$
    – Sarah
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:39






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
    $endgroup$
    – Sean Roberson
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:41














0












0








0





$begingroup$


i don't know if it's correct but as i remember, the integral of $color{red}{df=dx + dy+dz} $
is: $color{red}{ f=x+y+z}$
and the differential of $color{orange}{f } $ is $color{orange}{d(f) = {partial f over partial x }dx + {partial f over partial y }dy + {partial f over partial z }dz }$ $,,$ so according to the red equation and orange equation, the integral of $d(f)$ should be $color{green}{f={partial f over partial x } + {partial f over partial y } + {partial f over partial z }}$. if we take $f=xyz^2$, with the orange equation df would be $df= yz^2dx + xz^2dy+2xyzdz $ and by the red equation, the f would be $color {blue}{f=xyz^2+xyz^2 + xyz^2 }$ and it is wrong..
i'm super confused..










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




i don't know if it's correct but as i remember, the integral of $color{red}{df=dx + dy+dz} $
is: $color{red}{ f=x+y+z}$
and the differential of $color{orange}{f } $ is $color{orange}{d(f) = {partial f over partial x }dx + {partial f over partial y }dy + {partial f over partial z }dz }$ $,,$ so according to the red equation and orange equation, the integral of $d(f)$ should be $color{green}{f={partial f over partial x } + {partial f over partial y } + {partial f over partial z }}$. if we take $f=xyz^2$, with the orange equation df would be $df= yz^2dx + xz^2dy+2xyzdz $ and by the red equation, the f would be $color {blue}{f=xyz^2+xyz^2 + xyz^2 }$ and it is wrong..
i'm super confused..







ordinary-differential-equations derivatives






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share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Dec 1 '18 at 17:35







Sarah

















asked Dec 1 '18 at 17:27









SarahSarah

53




53












  • $begingroup$
    How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
    $endgroup$
    – LutzL
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:29










  • $begingroup$
    Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
    $endgroup$
    – Sean Roberson
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:33










  • $begingroup$
    @LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarah
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:37










  • $begingroup$
    @SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
    $endgroup$
    – Sarah
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:39






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
    $endgroup$
    – Sean Roberson
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:41


















  • $begingroup$
    How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
    $endgroup$
    – LutzL
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:29










  • $begingroup$
    Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
    $endgroup$
    – Sean Roberson
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:33










  • $begingroup$
    @LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
    $endgroup$
    – Sarah
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:37










  • $begingroup$
    @SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
    $endgroup$
    – Sarah
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:39






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
    $endgroup$
    – Sean Roberson
    Dec 1 '18 at 17:41
















$begingroup$
How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
$endgroup$
– LutzL
Dec 1 '18 at 17:29




$begingroup$
How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
$endgroup$
– LutzL
Dec 1 '18 at 17:29












$begingroup$
Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:33




$begingroup$
Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:33












$begingroup$
@LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:37




$begingroup$
@LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:37












$begingroup$
@SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:39




$begingroup$
@SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:39




2




2




$begingroup$
Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:41




$begingroup$
Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:41










3 Answers
3






active

oldest

votes


















1












$begingroup$

The red one is correct (except that you forgot the constant of integration), since it can be written as
$$
df = d(x+y+z)
,
$$

which means that $f(x,y,z)=x+y+z+C$.



But the green one is wrong, since the orange one is not (in general) the same thing as
$$
df = dleft( frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z} right)
.
$$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
    $endgroup$
    – Sarah
    Dec 1 '18 at 18:14












  • $begingroup$
    The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
    $endgroup$
    – Hans Lundmark
    Dec 1 '18 at 18:28





















1












$begingroup$

Integration works a little differently with functions of several variables. You can only integrate with respect to one variable at a time. So, if $f(x, y, z) = x + y + z,$ and the total derivative (differential) here is just the 1-form $$df = dx + dy + dz.$$



But, recovering $f$ is a little different. We cannot just simply integrate, and integrating one at a time doesn't quite do the job, as, for example,



$$ int dx = x + g(y, z) $$



where $g$ is a function of $y$ and $z$ only. This function serves as the "constant" of integration, as taking the derivative with respect to $x$ will make $g$ vanish.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$





















    0












    $begingroup$

    The equation
    $$color{orange}{
    df = frac{partial f}{partial x},dx + frac{partial f}{partial y},dy + frac{partial f}{partial z},dz
    }tag1$$

    is true in general; the equation
    $$color{red}{df = dx + dy + dz}tag2$$
    is a particular special case of Equation $(1)$ in which
    $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1.$
    And indeed one of the antiderivatives of Equation $(2)$ is $color{red}{f = x + y + z}.$



    It is not clear what the green equation,
    $color{green}{
    f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}},$

    was intended to mean.
    What it actually does say is easy to disprove;
    for example, when
    $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
    the green equation says that
    $$
    f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}
    = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
    $$

    whereas the actual solution for
    $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
    is $f = x + y + z + C,$ not the constant function $f = 3.$
    What I suppose you really meant was
    $$
    f stackrel?= intfrac{partial f}{partial x},dx + intfrac{partial f}{partial y},dy + intfrac{partial f}{partial z},dz,tag3
    $$

    since that produces your blue equation,
    but Equation $(3)$ also is easy to disprove in the general case (as you have just done).
    It is easy enough to show that Equation $(3)$ is true is when $f(x,y,z) = f_1(x) + f_2(y) + f_3(z),$
    but in the general case we cannot count on being able to express $f$ as a sum of three independent components in that way.



    But here is how we might find $f$ in the case where
    $df= yz^2 ,dx + xz^2 ,dy + 2xyz ,dz$ as in your example;
    that is, where
    $frac{partial f}{partial x} = yz^2,$
    $frac{partial f}{partial y} = xz^2,$
    and $frac{partial f}{partial z} = 2xyz,$
    by integrating over each of the variables $x,$ $y,$ and $z.$
    We do this by finding the value of $f$ at a particular point, $f(x_1,y_1,z_1).$



    First, setting $g(x) = f(x,0,0),$
    we find that $g'(x) = left.frac{partial f}{partial x}right|_{y=z=0} = 0,$ and
    $$
    g(x_1) = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} g'(x) ,dx
    = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} 0 ,dx = f(0,0,0).
    $$

    Therefore $f(x_1,0,0) = g(x_1) = f(0,0,0).$



    Next, setting $h(y) = f(x_1,y,0),$
    we find that $h'(y) = left.frac{partial f}{partial y}right|_{x=x_1,z=0} = 0,$ and
    $$
    h(y_1) = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} h'(y) ,dy
    = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} 0 ,dx = f(x_1,0,0) = f(0,0,0).
    $$

    Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,0) = h(y_1) = f(0,0,0).$



    Finally, setting $k(z) = f(x_1,y_1,z),$
    we find that
    $k'(z) = left.frac{partial f}{partial z}right|_{x=x_1,y=y_1} = 2x_1y_1z,$ and
    begin{align}
    k(z_1) &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} k'(z) ,dz\
    &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} 2x_1y_1z ,dz\
    &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2 \
    &= f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.
    end{align}

    Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,z_1) = k(z_1) = f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.$
    We can treat $f(0,0,0)$ as the constant of integration, and
    obtain the particular antiderivative $f(x,y,z) = xyz^2$ from this result by setting $f(0,0,0) = 0.$



    You could also get the same result in the same way by integrating $df$
    along a path that starts at $(0,0,0),$ goes straight to $(x,0,0),$
    then straight to $(x,y,0),$ and finally straight to $(x,y,z).$






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      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes








      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes









      1












      $begingroup$

      The red one is correct (except that you forgot the constant of integration), since it can be written as
      $$
      df = d(x+y+z)
      ,
      $$

      which means that $f(x,y,z)=x+y+z+C$.



      But the green one is wrong, since the orange one is not (in general) the same thing as
      $$
      df = dleft( frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z} right)
      .
      $$






      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$













      • $begingroup$
        thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
        $endgroup$
        – Sarah
        Dec 1 '18 at 18:14












      • $begingroup$
        The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
        $endgroup$
        – Hans Lundmark
        Dec 1 '18 at 18:28


















      1












      $begingroup$

      The red one is correct (except that you forgot the constant of integration), since it can be written as
      $$
      df = d(x+y+z)
      ,
      $$

      which means that $f(x,y,z)=x+y+z+C$.



      But the green one is wrong, since the orange one is not (in general) the same thing as
      $$
      df = dleft( frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z} right)
      .
      $$






      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$













      • $begingroup$
        thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
        $endgroup$
        – Sarah
        Dec 1 '18 at 18:14












      • $begingroup$
        The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
        $endgroup$
        – Hans Lundmark
        Dec 1 '18 at 18:28
















      1












      1








      1





      $begingroup$

      The red one is correct (except that you forgot the constant of integration), since it can be written as
      $$
      df = d(x+y+z)
      ,
      $$

      which means that $f(x,y,z)=x+y+z+C$.



      But the green one is wrong, since the orange one is not (in general) the same thing as
      $$
      df = dleft( frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z} right)
      .
      $$






      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$



      The red one is correct (except that you forgot the constant of integration), since it can be written as
      $$
      df = d(x+y+z)
      ,
      $$

      which means that $f(x,y,z)=x+y+z+C$.



      But the green one is wrong, since the orange one is not (in general) the same thing as
      $$
      df = dleft( frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z} right)
      .
      $$







      share|cite|improve this answer














      share|cite|improve this answer



      share|cite|improve this answer








      edited Dec 1 '18 at 18:27

























      answered Dec 1 '18 at 17:59









      Hans LundmarkHans Lundmark

      35.3k564114




      35.3k564114












      • $begingroup$
        thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
        $endgroup$
        – Sarah
        Dec 1 '18 at 18:14












      • $begingroup$
        The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
        $endgroup$
        – Hans Lundmark
        Dec 1 '18 at 18:28




















      • $begingroup$
        thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
        $endgroup$
        – Sarah
        Dec 1 '18 at 18:14












      • $begingroup$
        The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
        $endgroup$
        – Hans Lundmark
        Dec 1 '18 at 18:28


















      $begingroup$
      thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
      $endgroup$
      – Sarah
      Dec 1 '18 at 18:14






      $begingroup$
      thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
      $endgroup$
      – Sarah
      Dec 1 '18 at 18:14














      $begingroup$
      The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
      $endgroup$
      – Hans Lundmark
      Dec 1 '18 at 18:28






      $begingroup$
      The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
      $endgroup$
      – Hans Lundmark
      Dec 1 '18 at 18:28













      1












      $begingroup$

      Integration works a little differently with functions of several variables. You can only integrate with respect to one variable at a time. So, if $f(x, y, z) = x + y + z,$ and the total derivative (differential) here is just the 1-form $$df = dx + dy + dz.$$



      But, recovering $f$ is a little different. We cannot just simply integrate, and integrating one at a time doesn't quite do the job, as, for example,



      $$ int dx = x + g(y, z) $$



      where $g$ is a function of $y$ and $z$ only. This function serves as the "constant" of integration, as taking the derivative with respect to $x$ will make $g$ vanish.






      share|cite|improve this answer









      $endgroup$


















        1












        $begingroup$

        Integration works a little differently with functions of several variables. You can only integrate with respect to one variable at a time. So, if $f(x, y, z) = x + y + z,$ and the total derivative (differential) here is just the 1-form $$df = dx + dy + dz.$$



        But, recovering $f$ is a little different. We cannot just simply integrate, and integrating one at a time doesn't quite do the job, as, for example,



        $$ int dx = x + g(y, z) $$



        where $g$ is a function of $y$ and $z$ only. This function serves as the "constant" of integration, as taking the derivative with respect to $x$ will make $g$ vanish.






        share|cite|improve this answer









        $endgroup$
















          1












          1








          1





          $begingroup$

          Integration works a little differently with functions of several variables. You can only integrate with respect to one variable at a time. So, if $f(x, y, z) = x + y + z,$ and the total derivative (differential) here is just the 1-form $$df = dx + dy + dz.$$



          But, recovering $f$ is a little different. We cannot just simply integrate, and integrating one at a time doesn't quite do the job, as, for example,



          $$ int dx = x + g(y, z) $$



          where $g$ is a function of $y$ and $z$ only. This function serves as the "constant" of integration, as taking the derivative with respect to $x$ will make $g$ vanish.






          share|cite|improve this answer









          $endgroup$



          Integration works a little differently with functions of several variables. You can only integrate with respect to one variable at a time. So, if $f(x, y, z) = x + y + z,$ and the total derivative (differential) here is just the 1-form $$df = dx + dy + dz.$$



          But, recovering $f$ is a little different. We cannot just simply integrate, and integrating one at a time doesn't quite do the job, as, for example,



          $$ int dx = x + g(y, z) $$



          where $g$ is a function of $y$ and $z$ only. This function serves as the "constant" of integration, as taking the derivative with respect to $x$ will make $g$ vanish.







          share|cite|improve this answer












          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer










          answered Dec 1 '18 at 17:47









          Sean RobersonSean Roberson

          6,39031327




          6,39031327























              0












              $begingroup$

              The equation
              $$color{orange}{
              df = frac{partial f}{partial x},dx + frac{partial f}{partial y},dy + frac{partial f}{partial z},dz
              }tag1$$

              is true in general; the equation
              $$color{red}{df = dx + dy + dz}tag2$$
              is a particular special case of Equation $(1)$ in which
              $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1.$
              And indeed one of the antiderivatives of Equation $(2)$ is $color{red}{f = x + y + z}.$



              It is not clear what the green equation,
              $color{green}{
              f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}},$

              was intended to mean.
              What it actually does say is easy to disprove;
              for example, when
              $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
              the green equation says that
              $$
              f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}
              = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
              $$

              whereas the actual solution for
              $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
              is $f = x + y + z + C,$ not the constant function $f = 3.$
              What I suppose you really meant was
              $$
              f stackrel?= intfrac{partial f}{partial x},dx + intfrac{partial f}{partial y},dy + intfrac{partial f}{partial z},dz,tag3
              $$

              since that produces your blue equation,
              but Equation $(3)$ also is easy to disprove in the general case (as you have just done).
              It is easy enough to show that Equation $(3)$ is true is when $f(x,y,z) = f_1(x) + f_2(y) + f_3(z),$
              but in the general case we cannot count on being able to express $f$ as a sum of three independent components in that way.



              But here is how we might find $f$ in the case where
              $df= yz^2 ,dx + xz^2 ,dy + 2xyz ,dz$ as in your example;
              that is, where
              $frac{partial f}{partial x} = yz^2,$
              $frac{partial f}{partial y} = xz^2,$
              and $frac{partial f}{partial z} = 2xyz,$
              by integrating over each of the variables $x,$ $y,$ and $z.$
              We do this by finding the value of $f$ at a particular point, $f(x_1,y_1,z_1).$



              First, setting $g(x) = f(x,0,0),$
              we find that $g'(x) = left.frac{partial f}{partial x}right|_{y=z=0} = 0,$ and
              $$
              g(x_1) = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} g'(x) ,dx
              = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} 0 ,dx = f(0,0,0).
              $$

              Therefore $f(x_1,0,0) = g(x_1) = f(0,0,0).$



              Next, setting $h(y) = f(x_1,y,0),$
              we find that $h'(y) = left.frac{partial f}{partial y}right|_{x=x_1,z=0} = 0,$ and
              $$
              h(y_1) = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} h'(y) ,dy
              = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} 0 ,dx = f(x_1,0,0) = f(0,0,0).
              $$

              Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,0) = h(y_1) = f(0,0,0).$



              Finally, setting $k(z) = f(x_1,y_1,z),$
              we find that
              $k'(z) = left.frac{partial f}{partial z}right|_{x=x_1,y=y_1} = 2x_1y_1z,$ and
              begin{align}
              k(z_1) &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} k'(z) ,dz\
              &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} 2x_1y_1z ,dz\
              &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2 \
              &= f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.
              end{align}

              Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,z_1) = k(z_1) = f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.$
              We can treat $f(0,0,0)$ as the constant of integration, and
              obtain the particular antiderivative $f(x,y,z) = xyz^2$ from this result by setting $f(0,0,0) = 0.$



              You could also get the same result in the same way by integrating $df$
              along a path that starts at $(0,0,0),$ goes straight to $(x,0,0),$
              then straight to $(x,y,0),$ and finally straight to $(x,y,z).$






              share|cite|improve this answer









              $endgroup$


















                0












                $begingroup$

                The equation
                $$color{orange}{
                df = frac{partial f}{partial x},dx + frac{partial f}{partial y},dy + frac{partial f}{partial z},dz
                }tag1$$

                is true in general; the equation
                $$color{red}{df = dx + dy + dz}tag2$$
                is a particular special case of Equation $(1)$ in which
                $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1.$
                And indeed one of the antiderivatives of Equation $(2)$ is $color{red}{f = x + y + z}.$



                It is not clear what the green equation,
                $color{green}{
                f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}},$

                was intended to mean.
                What it actually does say is easy to disprove;
                for example, when
                $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
                the green equation says that
                $$
                f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}
                = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
                $$

                whereas the actual solution for
                $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
                is $f = x + y + z + C,$ not the constant function $f = 3.$
                What I suppose you really meant was
                $$
                f stackrel?= intfrac{partial f}{partial x},dx + intfrac{partial f}{partial y},dy + intfrac{partial f}{partial z},dz,tag3
                $$

                since that produces your blue equation,
                but Equation $(3)$ also is easy to disprove in the general case (as you have just done).
                It is easy enough to show that Equation $(3)$ is true is when $f(x,y,z) = f_1(x) + f_2(y) + f_3(z),$
                but in the general case we cannot count on being able to express $f$ as a sum of three independent components in that way.



                But here is how we might find $f$ in the case where
                $df= yz^2 ,dx + xz^2 ,dy + 2xyz ,dz$ as in your example;
                that is, where
                $frac{partial f}{partial x} = yz^2,$
                $frac{partial f}{partial y} = xz^2,$
                and $frac{partial f}{partial z} = 2xyz,$
                by integrating over each of the variables $x,$ $y,$ and $z.$
                We do this by finding the value of $f$ at a particular point, $f(x_1,y_1,z_1).$



                First, setting $g(x) = f(x,0,0),$
                we find that $g'(x) = left.frac{partial f}{partial x}right|_{y=z=0} = 0,$ and
                $$
                g(x_1) = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} g'(x) ,dx
                = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} 0 ,dx = f(0,0,0).
                $$

                Therefore $f(x_1,0,0) = g(x_1) = f(0,0,0).$



                Next, setting $h(y) = f(x_1,y,0),$
                we find that $h'(y) = left.frac{partial f}{partial y}right|_{x=x_1,z=0} = 0,$ and
                $$
                h(y_1) = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} h'(y) ,dy
                = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} 0 ,dx = f(x_1,0,0) = f(0,0,0).
                $$

                Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,0) = h(y_1) = f(0,0,0).$



                Finally, setting $k(z) = f(x_1,y_1,z),$
                we find that
                $k'(z) = left.frac{partial f}{partial z}right|_{x=x_1,y=y_1} = 2x_1y_1z,$ and
                begin{align}
                k(z_1) &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} k'(z) ,dz\
                &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} 2x_1y_1z ,dz\
                &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2 \
                &= f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.
                end{align}

                Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,z_1) = k(z_1) = f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.$
                We can treat $f(0,0,0)$ as the constant of integration, and
                obtain the particular antiderivative $f(x,y,z) = xyz^2$ from this result by setting $f(0,0,0) = 0.$



                You could also get the same result in the same way by integrating $df$
                along a path that starts at $(0,0,0),$ goes straight to $(x,0,0),$
                then straight to $(x,y,0),$ and finally straight to $(x,y,z).$






                share|cite|improve this answer









                $endgroup$
















                  0












                  0








                  0





                  $begingroup$

                  The equation
                  $$color{orange}{
                  df = frac{partial f}{partial x},dx + frac{partial f}{partial y},dy + frac{partial f}{partial z},dz
                  }tag1$$

                  is true in general; the equation
                  $$color{red}{df = dx + dy + dz}tag2$$
                  is a particular special case of Equation $(1)$ in which
                  $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1.$
                  And indeed one of the antiderivatives of Equation $(2)$ is $color{red}{f = x + y + z}.$



                  It is not clear what the green equation,
                  $color{green}{
                  f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}},$

                  was intended to mean.
                  What it actually does say is easy to disprove;
                  for example, when
                  $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
                  the green equation says that
                  $$
                  f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}
                  = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
                  $$

                  whereas the actual solution for
                  $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
                  is $f = x + y + z + C,$ not the constant function $f = 3.$
                  What I suppose you really meant was
                  $$
                  f stackrel?= intfrac{partial f}{partial x},dx + intfrac{partial f}{partial y},dy + intfrac{partial f}{partial z},dz,tag3
                  $$

                  since that produces your blue equation,
                  but Equation $(3)$ also is easy to disprove in the general case (as you have just done).
                  It is easy enough to show that Equation $(3)$ is true is when $f(x,y,z) = f_1(x) + f_2(y) + f_3(z),$
                  but in the general case we cannot count on being able to express $f$ as a sum of three independent components in that way.



                  But here is how we might find $f$ in the case where
                  $df= yz^2 ,dx + xz^2 ,dy + 2xyz ,dz$ as in your example;
                  that is, where
                  $frac{partial f}{partial x} = yz^2,$
                  $frac{partial f}{partial y} = xz^2,$
                  and $frac{partial f}{partial z} = 2xyz,$
                  by integrating over each of the variables $x,$ $y,$ and $z.$
                  We do this by finding the value of $f$ at a particular point, $f(x_1,y_1,z_1).$



                  First, setting $g(x) = f(x,0,0),$
                  we find that $g'(x) = left.frac{partial f}{partial x}right|_{y=z=0} = 0,$ and
                  $$
                  g(x_1) = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} g'(x) ,dx
                  = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} 0 ,dx = f(0,0,0).
                  $$

                  Therefore $f(x_1,0,0) = g(x_1) = f(0,0,0).$



                  Next, setting $h(y) = f(x_1,y,0),$
                  we find that $h'(y) = left.frac{partial f}{partial y}right|_{x=x_1,z=0} = 0,$ and
                  $$
                  h(y_1) = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} h'(y) ,dy
                  = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} 0 ,dx = f(x_1,0,0) = f(0,0,0).
                  $$

                  Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,0) = h(y_1) = f(0,0,0).$



                  Finally, setting $k(z) = f(x_1,y_1,z),$
                  we find that
                  $k'(z) = left.frac{partial f}{partial z}right|_{x=x_1,y=y_1} = 2x_1y_1z,$ and
                  begin{align}
                  k(z_1) &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} k'(z) ,dz\
                  &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} 2x_1y_1z ,dz\
                  &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2 \
                  &= f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.
                  end{align}

                  Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,z_1) = k(z_1) = f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.$
                  We can treat $f(0,0,0)$ as the constant of integration, and
                  obtain the particular antiderivative $f(x,y,z) = xyz^2$ from this result by setting $f(0,0,0) = 0.$



                  You could also get the same result in the same way by integrating $df$
                  along a path that starts at $(0,0,0),$ goes straight to $(x,0,0),$
                  then straight to $(x,y,0),$ and finally straight to $(x,y,z).$






                  share|cite|improve this answer









                  $endgroup$



                  The equation
                  $$color{orange}{
                  df = frac{partial f}{partial x},dx + frac{partial f}{partial y},dy + frac{partial f}{partial z},dz
                  }tag1$$

                  is true in general; the equation
                  $$color{red}{df = dx + dy + dz}tag2$$
                  is a particular special case of Equation $(1)$ in which
                  $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1.$
                  And indeed one of the antiderivatives of Equation $(2)$ is $color{red}{f = x + y + z}.$



                  It is not clear what the green equation,
                  $color{green}{
                  f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}},$

                  was intended to mean.
                  What it actually does say is easy to disprove;
                  for example, when
                  $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
                  the green equation says that
                  $$
                  f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}
                  = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
                  $$

                  whereas the actual solution for
                  $frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
                  is $f = x + y + z + C,$ not the constant function $f = 3.$
                  What I suppose you really meant was
                  $$
                  f stackrel?= intfrac{partial f}{partial x},dx + intfrac{partial f}{partial y},dy + intfrac{partial f}{partial z},dz,tag3
                  $$

                  since that produces your blue equation,
                  but Equation $(3)$ also is easy to disprove in the general case (as you have just done).
                  It is easy enough to show that Equation $(3)$ is true is when $f(x,y,z) = f_1(x) + f_2(y) + f_3(z),$
                  but in the general case we cannot count on being able to express $f$ as a sum of three independent components in that way.



                  But here is how we might find $f$ in the case where
                  $df= yz^2 ,dx + xz^2 ,dy + 2xyz ,dz$ as in your example;
                  that is, where
                  $frac{partial f}{partial x} = yz^2,$
                  $frac{partial f}{partial y} = xz^2,$
                  and $frac{partial f}{partial z} = 2xyz,$
                  by integrating over each of the variables $x,$ $y,$ and $z.$
                  We do this by finding the value of $f$ at a particular point, $f(x_1,y_1,z_1).$



                  First, setting $g(x) = f(x,0,0),$
                  we find that $g'(x) = left.frac{partial f}{partial x}right|_{y=z=0} = 0,$ and
                  $$
                  g(x_1) = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} g'(x) ,dx
                  = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} 0 ,dx = f(0,0,0).
                  $$

                  Therefore $f(x_1,0,0) = g(x_1) = f(0,0,0).$



                  Next, setting $h(y) = f(x_1,y,0),$
                  we find that $h'(y) = left.frac{partial f}{partial y}right|_{x=x_1,z=0} = 0,$ and
                  $$
                  h(y_1) = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} h'(y) ,dy
                  = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} 0 ,dx = f(x_1,0,0) = f(0,0,0).
                  $$

                  Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,0) = h(y_1) = f(0,0,0).$



                  Finally, setting $k(z) = f(x_1,y_1,z),$
                  we find that
                  $k'(z) = left.frac{partial f}{partial z}right|_{x=x_1,y=y_1} = 2x_1y_1z,$ and
                  begin{align}
                  k(z_1) &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} k'(z) ,dz\
                  &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} 2x_1y_1z ,dz\
                  &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2 \
                  &= f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.
                  end{align}

                  Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,z_1) = k(z_1) = f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.$
                  We can treat $f(0,0,0)$ as the constant of integration, and
                  obtain the particular antiderivative $f(x,y,z) = xyz^2$ from this result by setting $f(0,0,0) = 0.$



                  You could also get the same result in the same way by integrating $df$
                  along a path that starts at $(0,0,0),$ goes straight to $(x,0,0),$
                  then straight to $(x,y,0),$ and finally straight to $(x,y,z).$







                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer










                  answered Dec 1 '18 at 23:47









                  David KDavid K

                  53.6k342116




                  53.6k342116






























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