the derivative of a 3 variable function
$begingroup$
i don't know if it's correct but as i remember, the integral of $color{red}{df=dx + dy+dz} $
is: $color{red}{ f=x+y+z}$
and the differential of $color{orange}{f } $ is $color{orange}{d(f) = {partial f over partial x }dx + {partial f over partial y }dy + {partial f over partial z }dz }$ $,,$ so according to the red equation and orange equation, the integral of $d(f)$ should be $color{green}{f={partial f over partial x } + {partial f over partial y } + {partial f over partial z }}$. if we take $f=xyz^2$, with the orange equation df would be $df= yz^2dx + xz^2dy+2xyzdz $ and by the red equation, the f would be $color {blue}{f=xyz^2+xyz^2 + xyz^2 }$ and it is wrong..
i'm super confused..
ordinary-differential-equations derivatives
$endgroup$
|
show 1 more comment
$begingroup$
i don't know if it's correct but as i remember, the integral of $color{red}{df=dx + dy+dz} $
is: $color{red}{ f=x+y+z}$
and the differential of $color{orange}{f } $ is $color{orange}{d(f) = {partial f over partial x }dx + {partial f over partial y }dy + {partial f over partial z }dz }$ $,,$ so according to the red equation and orange equation, the integral of $d(f)$ should be $color{green}{f={partial f over partial x } + {partial f over partial y } + {partial f over partial z }}$. if we take $f=xyz^2$, with the orange equation df would be $df= yz^2dx + xz^2dy+2xyzdz $ and by the red equation, the f would be $color {blue}{f=xyz^2+xyz^2 + xyz^2 }$ and it is wrong..
i'm super confused..
ordinary-differential-equations derivatives
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
$endgroup$
– LutzL
Dec 1 '18 at 17:29
$begingroup$
Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:33
$begingroup$
@LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:37
$begingroup$
@SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:39
2
$begingroup$
Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:41
|
show 1 more comment
$begingroup$
i don't know if it's correct but as i remember, the integral of $color{red}{df=dx + dy+dz} $
is: $color{red}{ f=x+y+z}$
and the differential of $color{orange}{f } $ is $color{orange}{d(f) = {partial f over partial x }dx + {partial f over partial y }dy + {partial f over partial z }dz }$ $,,$ so according to the red equation and orange equation, the integral of $d(f)$ should be $color{green}{f={partial f over partial x } + {partial f over partial y } + {partial f over partial z }}$. if we take $f=xyz^2$, with the orange equation df would be $df= yz^2dx + xz^2dy+2xyzdz $ and by the red equation, the f would be $color {blue}{f=xyz^2+xyz^2 + xyz^2 }$ and it is wrong..
i'm super confused..
ordinary-differential-equations derivatives
$endgroup$
i don't know if it's correct but as i remember, the integral of $color{red}{df=dx + dy+dz} $
is: $color{red}{ f=x+y+z}$
and the differential of $color{orange}{f } $ is $color{orange}{d(f) = {partial f over partial x }dx + {partial f over partial y }dy + {partial f over partial z }dz }$ $,,$ so according to the red equation and orange equation, the integral of $d(f)$ should be $color{green}{f={partial f over partial x } + {partial f over partial y } + {partial f over partial z }}$. if we take $f=xyz^2$, with the orange equation df would be $df= yz^2dx + xz^2dy+2xyzdz $ and by the red equation, the f would be $color {blue}{f=xyz^2+xyz^2 + xyz^2 }$ and it is wrong..
i'm super confused..
ordinary-differential-equations derivatives
ordinary-differential-equations derivatives
edited Dec 1 '18 at 17:35
Sarah
asked Dec 1 '18 at 17:27
SarahSarah
53
53
$begingroup$
How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
$endgroup$
– LutzL
Dec 1 '18 at 17:29
$begingroup$
Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:33
$begingroup$
@LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:37
$begingroup$
@SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:39
2
$begingroup$
Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:41
|
show 1 more comment
$begingroup$
How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
$endgroup$
– LutzL
Dec 1 '18 at 17:29
$begingroup$
Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:33
$begingroup$
@LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:37
$begingroup$
@SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:39
2
$begingroup$
Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:41
$begingroup$
How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
$endgroup$
– LutzL
Dec 1 '18 at 17:29
$begingroup$
How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
$endgroup$
– LutzL
Dec 1 '18 at 17:29
$begingroup$
Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:33
$begingroup$
Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:33
$begingroup$
@LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:37
$begingroup$
@LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:37
$begingroup$
@SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:39
$begingroup$
@SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:39
2
2
$begingroup$
Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:41
$begingroup$
Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:41
|
show 1 more comment
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
The red one is correct (except that you forgot the constant of integration), since it can be written as
$$
df = d(x+y+z)
,
$$
which means that $f(x,y,z)=x+y+z+C$.
But the green one is wrong, since the orange one is not (in general) the same thing as
$$
df = dleft( frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z} right)
.
$$
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 18:14
$begingroup$
The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
$endgroup$
– Hans Lundmark
Dec 1 '18 at 18:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Integration works a little differently with functions of several variables. You can only integrate with respect to one variable at a time. So, if $f(x, y, z) = x + y + z,$ and the total derivative (differential) here is just the 1-form $$df = dx + dy + dz.$$
But, recovering $f$ is a little different. We cannot just simply integrate, and integrating one at a time doesn't quite do the job, as, for example,
$$ int dx = x + g(y, z) $$
where $g$ is a function of $y$ and $z$ only. This function serves as the "constant" of integration, as taking the derivative with respect to $x$ will make $g$ vanish.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The equation
$$color{orange}{
df = frac{partial f}{partial x},dx + frac{partial f}{partial y},dy + frac{partial f}{partial z},dz
}tag1$$
is true in general; the equation
$$color{red}{df = dx + dy + dz}tag2$$
is a particular special case of Equation $(1)$ in which
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1.$
And indeed one of the antiderivatives of Equation $(2)$ is $color{red}{f = x + y + z}.$
It is not clear what the green equation,
$color{green}{
f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}},$
was intended to mean.
What it actually does say is easy to disprove;
for example, when
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
the green equation says that
$$
f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
$$
whereas the actual solution for
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
is $f = x + y + z + C,$ not the constant function $f = 3.$
What I suppose you really meant was
$$
f stackrel?= intfrac{partial f}{partial x},dx + intfrac{partial f}{partial y},dy + intfrac{partial f}{partial z},dz,tag3
$$
since that produces your blue equation,
but Equation $(3)$ also is easy to disprove in the general case (as you have just done).
It is easy enough to show that Equation $(3)$ is true is when $f(x,y,z) = f_1(x) + f_2(y) + f_3(z),$
but in the general case we cannot count on being able to express $f$ as a sum of three independent components in that way.
But here is how we might find $f$ in the case where
$df= yz^2 ,dx + xz^2 ,dy + 2xyz ,dz$ as in your example;
that is, where
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = yz^2,$
$frac{partial f}{partial y} = xz^2,$
and $frac{partial f}{partial z} = 2xyz,$
by integrating over each of the variables $x,$ $y,$ and $z.$
We do this by finding the value of $f$ at a particular point, $f(x_1,y_1,z_1).$
First, setting $g(x) = f(x,0,0),$
we find that $g'(x) = left.frac{partial f}{partial x}right|_{y=z=0} = 0,$ and
$$
g(x_1) = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} g'(x) ,dx
= f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} 0 ,dx = f(0,0,0).
$$
Therefore $f(x_1,0,0) = g(x_1) = f(0,0,0).$
Next, setting $h(y) = f(x_1,y,0),$
we find that $h'(y) = left.frac{partial f}{partial y}right|_{x=x_1,z=0} = 0,$ and
$$
h(y_1) = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} h'(y) ,dy
= f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} 0 ,dx = f(x_1,0,0) = f(0,0,0).
$$
Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,0) = h(y_1) = f(0,0,0).$
Finally, setting $k(z) = f(x_1,y_1,z),$
we find that
$k'(z) = left.frac{partial f}{partial z}right|_{x=x_1,y=y_1} = 2x_1y_1z,$ and
begin{align}
k(z_1) &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} k'(z) ,dz\
&= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} 2x_1y_1z ,dz\
&= f(x_1,y_1,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2 \
&= f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.
end{align}
Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,z_1) = k(z_1) = f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.$
We can treat $f(0,0,0)$ as the constant of integration, and
obtain the particular antiderivative $f(x,y,z) = xyz^2$ from this result by setting $f(0,0,0) = 0.$
You could also get the same result in the same way by integrating $df$
along a path that starts at $(0,0,0),$ goes straight to $(x,0,0),$
then straight to $(x,y,0),$ and finally straight to $(x,y,z).$
$endgroup$
add a comment |
Your Answer
StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
});
});
}, "mathjax-editing");
StackExchange.ready(function() {
var channelOptions = {
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "69"
};
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
createEditor();
});
}
else {
createEditor();
}
});
function createEditor() {
StackExchange.prepareEditor({
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: true,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: 10,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader: {
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
},
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
});
}
});
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3021597%2fthe-derivative-of-a-3-variable-function%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
The red one is correct (except that you forgot the constant of integration), since it can be written as
$$
df = d(x+y+z)
,
$$
which means that $f(x,y,z)=x+y+z+C$.
But the green one is wrong, since the orange one is not (in general) the same thing as
$$
df = dleft( frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z} right)
.
$$
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 18:14
$begingroup$
The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
$endgroup$
– Hans Lundmark
Dec 1 '18 at 18:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The red one is correct (except that you forgot the constant of integration), since it can be written as
$$
df = d(x+y+z)
,
$$
which means that $f(x,y,z)=x+y+z+C$.
But the green one is wrong, since the orange one is not (in general) the same thing as
$$
df = dleft( frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z} right)
.
$$
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 18:14
$begingroup$
The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
$endgroup$
– Hans Lundmark
Dec 1 '18 at 18:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The red one is correct (except that you forgot the constant of integration), since it can be written as
$$
df = d(x+y+z)
,
$$
which means that $f(x,y,z)=x+y+z+C$.
But the green one is wrong, since the orange one is not (in general) the same thing as
$$
df = dleft( frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z} right)
.
$$
$endgroup$
The red one is correct (except that you forgot the constant of integration), since it can be written as
$$
df = d(x+y+z)
,
$$
which means that $f(x,y,z)=x+y+z+C$.
But the green one is wrong, since the orange one is not (in general) the same thing as
$$
df = dleft( frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z} right)
.
$$
edited Dec 1 '18 at 18:27
answered Dec 1 '18 at 17:59
Hans LundmarkHans Lundmark
35.3k564114
35.3k564114
$begingroup$
thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 18:14
$begingroup$
The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
$endgroup$
– Hans Lundmark
Dec 1 '18 at 18:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 18:14
$begingroup$
The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
$endgroup$
– Hans Lundmark
Dec 1 '18 at 18:28
$begingroup$
thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 18:14
$begingroup$
thanks, your answer helped me alot and i totally get your point. but what can we do to calculate the integral of the orange one? is there any solution or what?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 18:14
$begingroup$
The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
$endgroup$
– Hans Lundmark
Dec 1 '18 at 18:28
$begingroup$
The orange formula isn't really an equation to be solved for an unknown function $f$, it's an identity which holds for all (nice) functions $f$. (It can be taken as the definition of what the symbol $df$ means.)
$endgroup$
– Hans Lundmark
Dec 1 '18 at 18:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Integration works a little differently with functions of several variables. You can only integrate with respect to one variable at a time. So, if $f(x, y, z) = x + y + z,$ and the total derivative (differential) here is just the 1-form $$df = dx + dy + dz.$$
But, recovering $f$ is a little different. We cannot just simply integrate, and integrating one at a time doesn't quite do the job, as, for example,
$$ int dx = x + g(y, z) $$
where $g$ is a function of $y$ and $z$ only. This function serves as the "constant" of integration, as taking the derivative with respect to $x$ will make $g$ vanish.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Integration works a little differently with functions of several variables. You can only integrate with respect to one variable at a time. So, if $f(x, y, z) = x + y + z,$ and the total derivative (differential) here is just the 1-form $$df = dx + dy + dz.$$
But, recovering $f$ is a little different. We cannot just simply integrate, and integrating one at a time doesn't quite do the job, as, for example,
$$ int dx = x + g(y, z) $$
where $g$ is a function of $y$ and $z$ only. This function serves as the "constant" of integration, as taking the derivative with respect to $x$ will make $g$ vanish.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Integration works a little differently with functions of several variables. You can only integrate with respect to one variable at a time. So, if $f(x, y, z) = x + y + z,$ and the total derivative (differential) here is just the 1-form $$df = dx + dy + dz.$$
But, recovering $f$ is a little different. We cannot just simply integrate, and integrating one at a time doesn't quite do the job, as, for example,
$$ int dx = x + g(y, z) $$
where $g$ is a function of $y$ and $z$ only. This function serves as the "constant" of integration, as taking the derivative with respect to $x$ will make $g$ vanish.
$endgroup$
Integration works a little differently with functions of several variables. You can only integrate with respect to one variable at a time. So, if $f(x, y, z) = x + y + z,$ and the total derivative (differential) here is just the 1-form $$df = dx + dy + dz.$$
But, recovering $f$ is a little different. We cannot just simply integrate, and integrating one at a time doesn't quite do the job, as, for example,
$$ int dx = x + g(y, z) $$
where $g$ is a function of $y$ and $z$ only. This function serves as the "constant" of integration, as taking the derivative with respect to $x$ will make $g$ vanish.
answered Dec 1 '18 at 17:47
Sean RobersonSean Roberson
6,39031327
6,39031327
add a comment |
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The equation
$$color{orange}{
df = frac{partial f}{partial x},dx + frac{partial f}{partial y},dy + frac{partial f}{partial z},dz
}tag1$$
is true in general; the equation
$$color{red}{df = dx + dy + dz}tag2$$
is a particular special case of Equation $(1)$ in which
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1.$
And indeed one of the antiderivatives of Equation $(2)$ is $color{red}{f = x + y + z}.$
It is not clear what the green equation,
$color{green}{
f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}},$
was intended to mean.
What it actually does say is easy to disprove;
for example, when
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
the green equation says that
$$
f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
$$
whereas the actual solution for
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
is $f = x + y + z + C,$ not the constant function $f = 3.$
What I suppose you really meant was
$$
f stackrel?= intfrac{partial f}{partial x},dx + intfrac{partial f}{partial y},dy + intfrac{partial f}{partial z},dz,tag3
$$
since that produces your blue equation,
but Equation $(3)$ also is easy to disprove in the general case (as you have just done).
It is easy enough to show that Equation $(3)$ is true is when $f(x,y,z) = f_1(x) + f_2(y) + f_3(z),$
but in the general case we cannot count on being able to express $f$ as a sum of three independent components in that way.
But here is how we might find $f$ in the case where
$df= yz^2 ,dx + xz^2 ,dy + 2xyz ,dz$ as in your example;
that is, where
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = yz^2,$
$frac{partial f}{partial y} = xz^2,$
and $frac{partial f}{partial z} = 2xyz,$
by integrating over each of the variables $x,$ $y,$ and $z.$
We do this by finding the value of $f$ at a particular point, $f(x_1,y_1,z_1).$
First, setting $g(x) = f(x,0,0),$
we find that $g'(x) = left.frac{partial f}{partial x}right|_{y=z=0} = 0,$ and
$$
g(x_1) = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} g'(x) ,dx
= f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} 0 ,dx = f(0,0,0).
$$
Therefore $f(x_1,0,0) = g(x_1) = f(0,0,0).$
Next, setting $h(y) = f(x_1,y,0),$
we find that $h'(y) = left.frac{partial f}{partial y}right|_{x=x_1,z=0} = 0,$ and
$$
h(y_1) = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} h'(y) ,dy
= f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} 0 ,dx = f(x_1,0,0) = f(0,0,0).
$$
Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,0) = h(y_1) = f(0,0,0).$
Finally, setting $k(z) = f(x_1,y_1,z),$
we find that
$k'(z) = left.frac{partial f}{partial z}right|_{x=x_1,y=y_1} = 2x_1y_1z,$ and
begin{align}
k(z_1) &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} k'(z) ,dz\
&= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} 2x_1y_1z ,dz\
&= f(x_1,y_1,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2 \
&= f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.
end{align}
Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,z_1) = k(z_1) = f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.$
We can treat $f(0,0,0)$ as the constant of integration, and
obtain the particular antiderivative $f(x,y,z) = xyz^2$ from this result by setting $f(0,0,0) = 0.$
You could also get the same result in the same way by integrating $df$
along a path that starts at $(0,0,0),$ goes straight to $(x,0,0),$
then straight to $(x,y,0),$ and finally straight to $(x,y,z).$
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The equation
$$color{orange}{
df = frac{partial f}{partial x},dx + frac{partial f}{partial y},dy + frac{partial f}{partial z},dz
}tag1$$
is true in general; the equation
$$color{red}{df = dx + dy + dz}tag2$$
is a particular special case of Equation $(1)$ in which
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1.$
And indeed one of the antiderivatives of Equation $(2)$ is $color{red}{f = x + y + z}.$
It is not clear what the green equation,
$color{green}{
f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}},$
was intended to mean.
What it actually does say is easy to disprove;
for example, when
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
the green equation says that
$$
f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
$$
whereas the actual solution for
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
is $f = x + y + z + C,$ not the constant function $f = 3.$
What I suppose you really meant was
$$
f stackrel?= intfrac{partial f}{partial x},dx + intfrac{partial f}{partial y},dy + intfrac{partial f}{partial z},dz,tag3
$$
since that produces your blue equation,
but Equation $(3)$ also is easy to disprove in the general case (as you have just done).
It is easy enough to show that Equation $(3)$ is true is when $f(x,y,z) = f_1(x) + f_2(y) + f_3(z),$
but in the general case we cannot count on being able to express $f$ as a sum of three independent components in that way.
But here is how we might find $f$ in the case where
$df= yz^2 ,dx + xz^2 ,dy + 2xyz ,dz$ as in your example;
that is, where
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = yz^2,$
$frac{partial f}{partial y} = xz^2,$
and $frac{partial f}{partial z} = 2xyz,$
by integrating over each of the variables $x,$ $y,$ and $z.$
We do this by finding the value of $f$ at a particular point, $f(x_1,y_1,z_1).$
First, setting $g(x) = f(x,0,0),$
we find that $g'(x) = left.frac{partial f}{partial x}right|_{y=z=0} = 0,$ and
$$
g(x_1) = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} g'(x) ,dx
= f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} 0 ,dx = f(0,0,0).
$$
Therefore $f(x_1,0,0) = g(x_1) = f(0,0,0).$
Next, setting $h(y) = f(x_1,y,0),$
we find that $h'(y) = left.frac{partial f}{partial y}right|_{x=x_1,z=0} = 0,$ and
$$
h(y_1) = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} h'(y) ,dy
= f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} 0 ,dx = f(x_1,0,0) = f(0,0,0).
$$
Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,0) = h(y_1) = f(0,0,0).$
Finally, setting $k(z) = f(x_1,y_1,z),$
we find that
$k'(z) = left.frac{partial f}{partial z}right|_{x=x_1,y=y_1} = 2x_1y_1z,$ and
begin{align}
k(z_1) &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} k'(z) ,dz\
&= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} 2x_1y_1z ,dz\
&= f(x_1,y_1,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2 \
&= f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.
end{align}
Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,z_1) = k(z_1) = f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.$
We can treat $f(0,0,0)$ as the constant of integration, and
obtain the particular antiderivative $f(x,y,z) = xyz^2$ from this result by setting $f(0,0,0) = 0.$
You could also get the same result in the same way by integrating $df$
along a path that starts at $(0,0,0),$ goes straight to $(x,0,0),$
then straight to $(x,y,0),$ and finally straight to $(x,y,z).$
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The equation
$$color{orange}{
df = frac{partial f}{partial x},dx + frac{partial f}{partial y},dy + frac{partial f}{partial z},dz
}tag1$$
is true in general; the equation
$$color{red}{df = dx + dy + dz}tag2$$
is a particular special case of Equation $(1)$ in which
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1.$
And indeed one of the antiderivatives of Equation $(2)$ is $color{red}{f = x + y + z}.$
It is not clear what the green equation,
$color{green}{
f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}},$
was intended to mean.
What it actually does say is easy to disprove;
for example, when
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
the green equation says that
$$
f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
$$
whereas the actual solution for
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
is $f = x + y + z + C,$ not the constant function $f = 3.$
What I suppose you really meant was
$$
f stackrel?= intfrac{partial f}{partial x},dx + intfrac{partial f}{partial y},dy + intfrac{partial f}{partial z},dz,tag3
$$
since that produces your blue equation,
but Equation $(3)$ also is easy to disprove in the general case (as you have just done).
It is easy enough to show that Equation $(3)$ is true is when $f(x,y,z) = f_1(x) + f_2(y) + f_3(z),$
but in the general case we cannot count on being able to express $f$ as a sum of three independent components in that way.
But here is how we might find $f$ in the case where
$df= yz^2 ,dx + xz^2 ,dy + 2xyz ,dz$ as in your example;
that is, where
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = yz^2,$
$frac{partial f}{partial y} = xz^2,$
and $frac{partial f}{partial z} = 2xyz,$
by integrating over each of the variables $x,$ $y,$ and $z.$
We do this by finding the value of $f$ at a particular point, $f(x_1,y_1,z_1).$
First, setting $g(x) = f(x,0,0),$
we find that $g'(x) = left.frac{partial f}{partial x}right|_{y=z=0} = 0,$ and
$$
g(x_1) = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} g'(x) ,dx
= f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} 0 ,dx = f(0,0,0).
$$
Therefore $f(x_1,0,0) = g(x_1) = f(0,0,0).$
Next, setting $h(y) = f(x_1,y,0),$
we find that $h'(y) = left.frac{partial f}{partial y}right|_{x=x_1,z=0} = 0,$ and
$$
h(y_1) = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} h'(y) ,dy
= f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} 0 ,dx = f(x_1,0,0) = f(0,0,0).
$$
Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,0) = h(y_1) = f(0,0,0).$
Finally, setting $k(z) = f(x_1,y_1,z),$
we find that
$k'(z) = left.frac{partial f}{partial z}right|_{x=x_1,y=y_1} = 2x_1y_1z,$ and
begin{align}
k(z_1) &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} k'(z) ,dz\
&= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} 2x_1y_1z ,dz\
&= f(x_1,y_1,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2 \
&= f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.
end{align}
Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,z_1) = k(z_1) = f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.$
We can treat $f(0,0,0)$ as the constant of integration, and
obtain the particular antiderivative $f(x,y,z) = xyz^2$ from this result by setting $f(0,0,0) = 0.$
You could also get the same result in the same way by integrating $df$
along a path that starts at $(0,0,0),$ goes straight to $(x,0,0),$
then straight to $(x,y,0),$ and finally straight to $(x,y,z).$
$endgroup$
The equation
$$color{orange}{
df = frac{partial f}{partial x},dx + frac{partial f}{partial y},dy + frac{partial f}{partial z},dz
}tag1$$
is true in general; the equation
$$color{red}{df = dx + dy + dz}tag2$$
is a particular special case of Equation $(1)$ in which
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1.$
And indeed one of the antiderivatives of Equation $(2)$ is $color{red}{f = x + y + z}.$
It is not clear what the green equation,
$color{green}{
f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}},$
was intended to mean.
What it actually does say is easy to disprove;
for example, when
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
the green equation says that
$$
f stackrel?= frac{partial f}{partial x} + frac{partial f}{partial y} + frac{partial f}{partial z}
= 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
$$
whereas the actual solution for
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = frac{partial f}{partial y} = frac{partial f}{partial z} = 1$
is $f = x + y + z + C,$ not the constant function $f = 3.$
What I suppose you really meant was
$$
f stackrel?= intfrac{partial f}{partial x},dx + intfrac{partial f}{partial y},dy + intfrac{partial f}{partial z},dz,tag3
$$
since that produces your blue equation,
but Equation $(3)$ also is easy to disprove in the general case (as you have just done).
It is easy enough to show that Equation $(3)$ is true is when $f(x,y,z) = f_1(x) + f_2(y) + f_3(z),$
but in the general case we cannot count on being able to express $f$ as a sum of three independent components in that way.
But here is how we might find $f$ in the case where
$df= yz^2 ,dx + xz^2 ,dy + 2xyz ,dz$ as in your example;
that is, where
$frac{partial f}{partial x} = yz^2,$
$frac{partial f}{partial y} = xz^2,$
and $frac{partial f}{partial z} = 2xyz,$
by integrating over each of the variables $x,$ $y,$ and $z.$
We do this by finding the value of $f$ at a particular point, $f(x_1,y_1,z_1).$
First, setting $g(x) = f(x,0,0),$
we find that $g'(x) = left.frac{partial f}{partial x}right|_{y=z=0} = 0,$ and
$$
g(x_1) = f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} g'(x) ,dx
= f(0,0,0) + int_0^{x_1} 0 ,dx = f(0,0,0).
$$
Therefore $f(x_1,0,0) = g(x_1) = f(0,0,0).$
Next, setting $h(y) = f(x_1,y,0),$
we find that $h'(y) = left.frac{partial f}{partial y}right|_{x=x_1,z=0} = 0,$ and
$$
h(y_1) = f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} h'(y) ,dy
= f(x_1,0,0) + int_0^{y_1} 0 ,dx = f(x_1,0,0) = f(0,0,0).
$$
Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,0) = h(y_1) = f(0,0,0).$
Finally, setting $k(z) = f(x_1,y_1,z),$
we find that
$k'(z) = left.frac{partial f}{partial z}right|_{x=x_1,y=y_1} = 2x_1y_1z,$ and
begin{align}
k(z_1) &= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} k'(z) ,dz\
&= f(x_1,y_1,0) + int_0^{z_1} 2x_1y_1z ,dz\
&= f(x_1,y_1,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2 \
&= f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.
end{align}
Therefore $f(x_1,y_1,z_1) = k(z_1) = f(0,0,0) + x_1y_1z_1^2.$
We can treat $f(0,0,0)$ as the constant of integration, and
obtain the particular antiderivative $f(x,y,z) = xyz^2$ from this result by setting $f(0,0,0) = 0.$
You could also get the same result in the same way by integrating $df$
along a path that starts at $(0,0,0),$ goes straight to $(x,0,0),$
then straight to $(x,y,0),$ and finally straight to $(x,y,z).$
answered Dec 1 '18 at 23:47
David KDavid K
53.6k342116
53.6k342116
add a comment |
add a comment |
Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3021597%2fthe-derivative-of-a-3-variable-function%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
$begingroup$
How is that compatible? By your last reasoning the first example would have to give $f=1+1+1$.
$endgroup$
– LutzL
Dec 1 '18 at 17:29
$begingroup$
Functions of several variables don't quite work like this.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:33
$begingroup$
@LutzL i guess you didn't get my point. i edited it.
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:37
$begingroup$
@SeanRoberson yes but which one of my equations is wrong?
$endgroup$
– Sarah
Dec 1 '18 at 17:39
2
$begingroup$
Green is wrong. You can't integrate like that.
$endgroup$
– Sean Roberson
Dec 1 '18 at 17:41