Can I charge a 2017 MacBook Pro with a third-party USB C power adaptor?












10















I've got a 2017 MacBook Pro which comes stock with an 87W USB C Power Adapter.



I want to purchase an additional power adapter, but I don't require an official Apple one. I notice that Anker make one with 60 W power output over USB C.



Other than charging my laptop at about 2/3rds the speed of the Apple Power Adapter, (2/3rds = ca. 60/87 w), would there be any effect / damage on my machine?










share|improve this question





























    10















    I've got a 2017 MacBook Pro which comes stock with an 87W USB C Power Adapter.



    I want to purchase an additional power adapter, but I don't require an official Apple one. I notice that Anker make one with 60 W power output over USB C.



    Other than charging my laptop at about 2/3rds the speed of the Apple Power Adapter, (2/3rds = ca. 60/87 w), would there be any effect / damage on my machine?










    share|improve this question



























      10












      10








      10


      2






      I've got a 2017 MacBook Pro which comes stock with an 87W USB C Power Adapter.



      I want to purchase an additional power adapter, but I don't require an official Apple one. I notice that Anker make one with 60 W power output over USB C.



      Other than charging my laptop at about 2/3rds the speed of the Apple Power Adapter, (2/3rds = ca. 60/87 w), would there be any effect / damage on my machine?










      share|improve this question
















      I've got a 2017 MacBook Pro which comes stock with an 87W USB C Power Adapter.



      I want to purchase an additional power adapter, but I don't require an official Apple one. I notice that Anker make one with 60 W power output over USB C.



      Other than charging my laptop at about 2/3rds the speed of the Apple Power Adapter, (2/3rds = ca. 60/87 w), would there be any effect / damage on my machine?







      usb hardware battery charging power






      share|improve this question















      share|improve this question













      share|improve this question




      share|improve this question








      edited Dec 18 '18 at 18:35









      Peter Mortensen

      1786




      1786










      asked Dec 18 '18 at 15:42









      samsam

      1,102103159




      1,102103159






















          5 Answers
          5






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          16














          The USB-C plug is not the problem, but the charger is.



          It is underrated, so it will never manage to completely charge your battery while the Mac is in use, or supply enough when needed.



          With that said, you can use it to charge battery overnight to use it during the day.



          To verify it is best to take occasional look at the battery charge condition in About this Mac.



          Battery Information screen, with an arrow pointing at Amperage (mA) value




          • This indicated value will be negative if charger is not plugged in or not sufficient.


          • It will be positive if charger is sufficient.



          No damage to your Mac will occur in any case.






          share|improve this answer

































            4














            Imagine a water reservoir (battery) with water gushing out of a sluice (CPU usage), and a bucket (low-rated charger). You're putting water into the reservoir with the bucket, but it may not be equal to the rate of water coming out of the sluice.



            The reservoir level will fall, but at a slower rate than if you weren't filling it with the bucket.



            The Apple-supplied 87W charger has enough power to supply your laptop's power needs, even at max CPU, AND to charge the battery at the same time.



            A lower-rated charger cannot always supply enough power at the maximum rate that the laptop needs, and also charge the battery at the same time. It will recharge the battery fully when the lid is closed, and you're not using the laptop.






            share|improve this answer































              1














              I have a 13' MacBook Pro which has a 61W Power Adapter supplied by default. For this I have bought an Anker 30W rated charger with which I never ever had any issues charging the notebook (even when doing CPU intensive stuff), and I also have a cheap 15W (5Vx3A) charger in my car as well, which still slightly charges the notebook, unless I'm doing something CPU intensive. I sometimes also use my mobile phone charger rated 10W (5Vx2A) as well to charge my notebook, in that case it always discharges, but at a much slower rate than if I hadn't plugged it in at all. It can still charge the notebook if I leave it on overnight though.



              Although your notebook does have a higher power consumption by default, as it's the 15' variant, based on my experience with the smaller version I don't imagine using it with only a 60W charger will cause too many issues, even when you are really trying to push the computer to the limits. However please note that the one in your post (which is exactly the same as I have) is actually only 30W on the USB-C port - the other 30W is shared on the 4 plain USB ports. You might try to check the values in the About your Mac section as Buscar said to see your notebook's power consumption, especially if you do heavy CPU/GPU intensive tasks.



              Note: I've been using this setup for more than a year now without seeing any performance degradation of the batteries.






              share|improve this answer





















              • 1





                I have a 15" MBP which uses the 85W charger, and even using the 60W Apple charger from a 13" MBA, it either charges slowly; or still discharges but at a slower rate. Bear in mind that someone is planning to spend money based on what you "imagine".

                – benwiggy
                Dec 19 '18 at 11:12











              • @benwiggy that's why I added that you should check the values

                – SztupY
                Dec 19 '18 at 11:14



















              0














              Your Mac will be fine. It will charge slower. While it is working hard, the battery might even discharge slowly if 60 watt isn’t enough, but without the charger it would discharge a lot quicker.



              The only problem is that the charger may not be built to run at 100% for long times. Anker has a good reputation, just don’t push that charger too hard.






              share|improve this answer































                -2














                Sure. But using an Apple adapter is always recommended over 3rd party ones. Yes, Apple's adapters are expensive but they are of high quality and are the best for your MacBook.






                share|improve this answer













                Some of the information contained in this post requires additional references. Please edit to add citations to reliable sources that support the assertions made here. Unsourced material may be disputed or deleted.










                • 6





                  that seems like a comment not an answer. Can you provide some references for your claims and specify what you mean by "best for your macbook"?

                  – aaaaaa
                  Dec 18 '18 at 17:54













                Your Answer








                StackExchange.ready(function() {
                var channelOptions = {
                tags: "".split(" "),
                id: "118"
                };
                initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

                StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
                // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
                if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
                StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
                createEditor();
                });
                }
                else {
                createEditor();
                }
                });

                function createEditor() {
                StackExchange.prepareEditor({
                heartbeatType: 'answer',
                autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
                convertImagesToLinks: false,
                noModals: true,
                showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
                reputationToPostImages: null,
                bindNavPrevention: true,
                postfix: "",
                imageUploader: {
                brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
                contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
                allowUrls: true
                },
                onDemand: true,
                discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
                ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
                });


                }
                });














                draft saved

                draft discarded


















                StackExchange.ready(
                function () {
                StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fapple.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f346048%2fcan-i-charge-a-2017-macbook-pro-with-a-third-party-usb-c-power-adaptor%23new-answer', 'question_page');
                }
                );

                Post as a guest















                Required, but never shown

























                5 Answers
                5






                active

                oldest

                votes








                5 Answers
                5






                active

                oldest

                votes









                active

                oldest

                votes






                active

                oldest

                votes









                16














                The USB-C plug is not the problem, but the charger is.



                It is underrated, so it will never manage to completely charge your battery while the Mac is in use, or supply enough when needed.



                With that said, you can use it to charge battery overnight to use it during the day.



                To verify it is best to take occasional look at the battery charge condition in About this Mac.



                Battery Information screen, with an arrow pointing at Amperage (mA) value




                • This indicated value will be negative if charger is not plugged in or not sufficient.


                • It will be positive if charger is sufficient.



                No damage to your Mac will occur in any case.






                share|improve this answer






























                  16














                  The USB-C plug is not the problem, but the charger is.



                  It is underrated, so it will never manage to completely charge your battery while the Mac is in use, or supply enough when needed.



                  With that said, you can use it to charge battery overnight to use it during the day.



                  To verify it is best to take occasional look at the battery charge condition in About this Mac.



                  Battery Information screen, with an arrow pointing at Amperage (mA) value




                  • This indicated value will be negative if charger is not plugged in or not sufficient.


                  • It will be positive if charger is sufficient.



                  No damage to your Mac will occur in any case.






                  share|improve this answer




























                    16












                    16








                    16







                    The USB-C plug is not the problem, but the charger is.



                    It is underrated, so it will never manage to completely charge your battery while the Mac is in use, or supply enough when needed.



                    With that said, you can use it to charge battery overnight to use it during the day.



                    To verify it is best to take occasional look at the battery charge condition in About this Mac.



                    Battery Information screen, with an arrow pointing at Amperage (mA) value




                    • This indicated value will be negative if charger is not plugged in or not sufficient.


                    • It will be positive if charger is sufficient.



                    No damage to your Mac will occur in any case.






                    share|improve this answer















                    The USB-C plug is not the problem, but the charger is.



                    It is underrated, so it will never manage to completely charge your battery while the Mac is in use, or supply enough when needed.



                    With that said, you can use it to charge battery overnight to use it during the day.



                    To verify it is best to take occasional look at the battery charge condition in About this Mac.



                    Battery Information screen, with an arrow pointing at Amperage (mA) value




                    • This indicated value will be negative if charger is not plugged in or not sufficient.


                    • It will be positive if charger is sufficient.



                    No damage to your Mac will occur in any case.







                    share|improve this answer














                    share|improve this answer



                    share|improve this answer








                    edited Dec 22 '18 at 22:42

























                    answered Dec 18 '18 at 16:11









                    Buscar웃Buscar웃

                    36.9k540118




                    36.9k540118

























                        4














                        Imagine a water reservoir (battery) with water gushing out of a sluice (CPU usage), and a bucket (low-rated charger). You're putting water into the reservoir with the bucket, but it may not be equal to the rate of water coming out of the sluice.



                        The reservoir level will fall, but at a slower rate than if you weren't filling it with the bucket.



                        The Apple-supplied 87W charger has enough power to supply your laptop's power needs, even at max CPU, AND to charge the battery at the same time.



                        A lower-rated charger cannot always supply enough power at the maximum rate that the laptop needs, and also charge the battery at the same time. It will recharge the battery fully when the lid is closed, and you're not using the laptop.






                        share|improve this answer




























                          4














                          Imagine a water reservoir (battery) with water gushing out of a sluice (CPU usage), and a bucket (low-rated charger). You're putting water into the reservoir with the bucket, but it may not be equal to the rate of water coming out of the sluice.



                          The reservoir level will fall, but at a slower rate than if you weren't filling it with the bucket.



                          The Apple-supplied 87W charger has enough power to supply your laptop's power needs, even at max CPU, AND to charge the battery at the same time.



                          A lower-rated charger cannot always supply enough power at the maximum rate that the laptop needs, and also charge the battery at the same time. It will recharge the battery fully when the lid is closed, and you're not using the laptop.






                          share|improve this answer


























                            4












                            4








                            4







                            Imagine a water reservoir (battery) with water gushing out of a sluice (CPU usage), and a bucket (low-rated charger). You're putting water into the reservoir with the bucket, but it may not be equal to the rate of water coming out of the sluice.



                            The reservoir level will fall, but at a slower rate than if you weren't filling it with the bucket.



                            The Apple-supplied 87W charger has enough power to supply your laptop's power needs, even at max CPU, AND to charge the battery at the same time.



                            A lower-rated charger cannot always supply enough power at the maximum rate that the laptop needs, and also charge the battery at the same time. It will recharge the battery fully when the lid is closed, and you're not using the laptop.






                            share|improve this answer













                            Imagine a water reservoir (battery) with water gushing out of a sluice (CPU usage), and a bucket (low-rated charger). You're putting water into the reservoir with the bucket, but it may not be equal to the rate of water coming out of the sluice.



                            The reservoir level will fall, but at a slower rate than if you weren't filling it with the bucket.



                            The Apple-supplied 87W charger has enough power to supply your laptop's power needs, even at max CPU, AND to charge the battery at the same time.



                            A lower-rated charger cannot always supply enough power at the maximum rate that the laptop needs, and also charge the battery at the same time. It will recharge the battery fully when the lid is closed, and you're not using the laptop.







                            share|improve this answer












                            share|improve this answer



                            share|improve this answer










                            answered Dec 18 '18 at 16:06









                            benwiggybenwiggy

                            49427




                            49427























                                1














                                I have a 13' MacBook Pro which has a 61W Power Adapter supplied by default. For this I have bought an Anker 30W rated charger with which I never ever had any issues charging the notebook (even when doing CPU intensive stuff), and I also have a cheap 15W (5Vx3A) charger in my car as well, which still slightly charges the notebook, unless I'm doing something CPU intensive. I sometimes also use my mobile phone charger rated 10W (5Vx2A) as well to charge my notebook, in that case it always discharges, but at a much slower rate than if I hadn't plugged it in at all. It can still charge the notebook if I leave it on overnight though.



                                Although your notebook does have a higher power consumption by default, as it's the 15' variant, based on my experience with the smaller version I don't imagine using it with only a 60W charger will cause too many issues, even when you are really trying to push the computer to the limits. However please note that the one in your post (which is exactly the same as I have) is actually only 30W on the USB-C port - the other 30W is shared on the 4 plain USB ports. You might try to check the values in the About your Mac section as Buscar said to see your notebook's power consumption, especially if you do heavy CPU/GPU intensive tasks.



                                Note: I've been using this setup for more than a year now without seeing any performance degradation of the batteries.






                                share|improve this answer





















                                • 1





                                  I have a 15" MBP which uses the 85W charger, and even using the 60W Apple charger from a 13" MBA, it either charges slowly; or still discharges but at a slower rate. Bear in mind that someone is planning to spend money based on what you "imagine".

                                  – benwiggy
                                  Dec 19 '18 at 11:12











                                • @benwiggy that's why I added that you should check the values

                                  – SztupY
                                  Dec 19 '18 at 11:14
















                                1














                                I have a 13' MacBook Pro which has a 61W Power Adapter supplied by default. For this I have bought an Anker 30W rated charger with which I never ever had any issues charging the notebook (even when doing CPU intensive stuff), and I also have a cheap 15W (5Vx3A) charger in my car as well, which still slightly charges the notebook, unless I'm doing something CPU intensive. I sometimes also use my mobile phone charger rated 10W (5Vx2A) as well to charge my notebook, in that case it always discharges, but at a much slower rate than if I hadn't plugged it in at all. It can still charge the notebook if I leave it on overnight though.



                                Although your notebook does have a higher power consumption by default, as it's the 15' variant, based on my experience with the smaller version I don't imagine using it with only a 60W charger will cause too many issues, even when you are really trying to push the computer to the limits. However please note that the one in your post (which is exactly the same as I have) is actually only 30W on the USB-C port - the other 30W is shared on the 4 plain USB ports. You might try to check the values in the About your Mac section as Buscar said to see your notebook's power consumption, especially if you do heavy CPU/GPU intensive tasks.



                                Note: I've been using this setup for more than a year now without seeing any performance degradation of the batteries.






                                share|improve this answer





















                                • 1





                                  I have a 15" MBP which uses the 85W charger, and even using the 60W Apple charger from a 13" MBA, it either charges slowly; or still discharges but at a slower rate. Bear in mind that someone is planning to spend money based on what you "imagine".

                                  – benwiggy
                                  Dec 19 '18 at 11:12











                                • @benwiggy that's why I added that you should check the values

                                  – SztupY
                                  Dec 19 '18 at 11:14














                                1












                                1








                                1







                                I have a 13' MacBook Pro which has a 61W Power Adapter supplied by default. For this I have bought an Anker 30W rated charger with which I never ever had any issues charging the notebook (even when doing CPU intensive stuff), and I also have a cheap 15W (5Vx3A) charger in my car as well, which still slightly charges the notebook, unless I'm doing something CPU intensive. I sometimes also use my mobile phone charger rated 10W (5Vx2A) as well to charge my notebook, in that case it always discharges, but at a much slower rate than if I hadn't plugged it in at all. It can still charge the notebook if I leave it on overnight though.



                                Although your notebook does have a higher power consumption by default, as it's the 15' variant, based on my experience with the smaller version I don't imagine using it with only a 60W charger will cause too many issues, even when you are really trying to push the computer to the limits. However please note that the one in your post (which is exactly the same as I have) is actually only 30W on the USB-C port - the other 30W is shared on the 4 plain USB ports. You might try to check the values in the About your Mac section as Buscar said to see your notebook's power consumption, especially if you do heavy CPU/GPU intensive tasks.



                                Note: I've been using this setup for more than a year now without seeing any performance degradation of the batteries.






                                share|improve this answer















                                I have a 13' MacBook Pro which has a 61W Power Adapter supplied by default. For this I have bought an Anker 30W rated charger with which I never ever had any issues charging the notebook (even when doing CPU intensive stuff), and I also have a cheap 15W (5Vx3A) charger in my car as well, which still slightly charges the notebook, unless I'm doing something CPU intensive. I sometimes also use my mobile phone charger rated 10W (5Vx2A) as well to charge my notebook, in that case it always discharges, but at a much slower rate than if I hadn't plugged it in at all. It can still charge the notebook if I leave it on overnight though.



                                Although your notebook does have a higher power consumption by default, as it's the 15' variant, based on my experience with the smaller version I don't imagine using it with only a 60W charger will cause too many issues, even when you are really trying to push the computer to the limits. However please note that the one in your post (which is exactly the same as I have) is actually only 30W on the USB-C port - the other 30W is shared on the 4 plain USB ports. You might try to check the values in the About your Mac section as Buscar said to see your notebook's power consumption, especially if you do heavy CPU/GPU intensive tasks.



                                Note: I've been using this setup for more than a year now without seeing any performance degradation of the batteries.







                                share|improve this answer














                                share|improve this answer



                                share|improve this answer








                                edited Dec 19 '18 at 11:14

























                                answered Dec 19 '18 at 10:55









                                SztupYSztupY

                                33925




                                33925








                                • 1





                                  I have a 15" MBP which uses the 85W charger, and even using the 60W Apple charger from a 13" MBA, it either charges slowly; or still discharges but at a slower rate. Bear in mind that someone is planning to spend money based on what you "imagine".

                                  – benwiggy
                                  Dec 19 '18 at 11:12











                                • @benwiggy that's why I added that you should check the values

                                  – SztupY
                                  Dec 19 '18 at 11:14














                                • 1





                                  I have a 15" MBP which uses the 85W charger, and even using the 60W Apple charger from a 13" MBA, it either charges slowly; or still discharges but at a slower rate. Bear in mind that someone is planning to spend money based on what you "imagine".

                                  – benwiggy
                                  Dec 19 '18 at 11:12











                                • @benwiggy that's why I added that you should check the values

                                  – SztupY
                                  Dec 19 '18 at 11:14








                                1




                                1





                                I have a 15" MBP which uses the 85W charger, and even using the 60W Apple charger from a 13" MBA, it either charges slowly; or still discharges but at a slower rate. Bear in mind that someone is planning to spend money based on what you "imagine".

                                – benwiggy
                                Dec 19 '18 at 11:12





                                I have a 15" MBP which uses the 85W charger, and even using the 60W Apple charger from a 13" MBA, it either charges slowly; or still discharges but at a slower rate. Bear in mind that someone is planning to spend money based on what you "imagine".

                                – benwiggy
                                Dec 19 '18 at 11:12













                                @benwiggy that's why I added that you should check the values

                                – SztupY
                                Dec 19 '18 at 11:14





                                @benwiggy that's why I added that you should check the values

                                – SztupY
                                Dec 19 '18 at 11:14











                                0














                                Your Mac will be fine. It will charge slower. While it is working hard, the battery might even discharge slowly if 60 watt isn’t enough, but without the charger it would discharge a lot quicker.



                                The only problem is that the charger may not be built to run at 100% for long times. Anker has a good reputation, just don’t push that charger too hard.






                                share|improve this answer




























                                  0














                                  Your Mac will be fine. It will charge slower. While it is working hard, the battery might even discharge slowly if 60 watt isn’t enough, but without the charger it would discharge a lot quicker.



                                  The only problem is that the charger may not be built to run at 100% for long times. Anker has a good reputation, just don’t push that charger too hard.






                                  share|improve this answer


























                                    0












                                    0








                                    0







                                    Your Mac will be fine. It will charge slower. While it is working hard, the battery might even discharge slowly if 60 watt isn’t enough, but without the charger it would discharge a lot quicker.



                                    The only problem is that the charger may not be built to run at 100% for long times. Anker has a good reputation, just don’t push that charger too hard.






                                    share|improve this answer













                                    Your Mac will be fine. It will charge slower. While it is working hard, the battery might even discharge slowly if 60 watt isn’t enough, but without the charger it would discharge a lot quicker.



                                    The only problem is that the charger may not be built to run at 100% for long times. Anker has a good reputation, just don’t push that charger too hard.







                                    share|improve this answer












                                    share|improve this answer



                                    share|improve this answer










                                    answered Dec 19 '18 at 9:28









                                    gnasher729gnasher729

                                    42926




                                    42926























                                        -2














                                        Sure. But using an Apple adapter is always recommended over 3rd party ones. Yes, Apple's adapters are expensive but they are of high quality and are the best for your MacBook.






                                        share|improve this answer













                                        Some of the information contained in this post requires additional references. Please edit to add citations to reliable sources that support the assertions made here. Unsourced material may be disputed or deleted.










                                        • 6





                                          that seems like a comment not an answer. Can you provide some references for your claims and specify what you mean by "best for your macbook"?

                                          – aaaaaa
                                          Dec 18 '18 at 17:54


















                                        -2














                                        Sure. But using an Apple adapter is always recommended over 3rd party ones. Yes, Apple's adapters are expensive but they are of high quality and are the best for your MacBook.






                                        share|improve this answer













                                        Some of the information contained in this post requires additional references. Please edit to add citations to reliable sources that support the assertions made here. Unsourced material may be disputed or deleted.










                                        • 6





                                          that seems like a comment not an answer. Can you provide some references for your claims and specify what you mean by "best for your macbook"?

                                          – aaaaaa
                                          Dec 18 '18 at 17:54
















                                        -2












                                        -2








                                        -2







                                        Sure. But using an Apple adapter is always recommended over 3rd party ones. Yes, Apple's adapters are expensive but they are of high quality and are the best for your MacBook.






                                        share|improve this answer













                                        Sure. But using an Apple adapter is always recommended over 3rd party ones. Yes, Apple's adapters are expensive but they are of high quality and are the best for your MacBook.







                                        share|improve this answer












                                        share|improve this answer



                                        share|improve this answer










                                        answered Dec 18 '18 at 15:55









                                        VillyamVillyam

                                        3715




                                        3715



                                        Some of the information contained in this post requires additional references. Please edit to add citations to reliable sources that support the assertions made here. Unsourced material may be disputed or deleted.




                                        Some of the information contained in this post requires additional references. Please edit to add citations to reliable sources that support the assertions made here. Unsourced material may be disputed or deleted.









                                        • 6





                                          that seems like a comment not an answer. Can you provide some references for your claims and specify what you mean by "best for your macbook"?

                                          – aaaaaa
                                          Dec 18 '18 at 17:54
















                                        • 6





                                          that seems like a comment not an answer. Can you provide some references for your claims and specify what you mean by "best for your macbook"?

                                          – aaaaaa
                                          Dec 18 '18 at 17:54










                                        6




                                        6





                                        that seems like a comment not an answer. Can you provide some references for your claims and specify what you mean by "best for your macbook"?

                                        – aaaaaa
                                        Dec 18 '18 at 17:54







                                        that seems like a comment not an answer. Can you provide some references for your claims and specify what you mean by "best for your macbook"?

                                        – aaaaaa
                                        Dec 18 '18 at 17:54




















                                        draft saved

                                        draft discarded




















































                                        Thanks for contributing an answer to Ask Different!


                                        • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

                                        But avoid



                                        • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

                                        • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


                                        To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




                                        draft saved


                                        draft discarded














                                        StackExchange.ready(
                                        function () {
                                        StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fapple.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f346048%2fcan-i-charge-a-2017-macbook-pro-with-a-third-party-usb-c-power-adaptor%23new-answer', 'question_page');
                                        }
                                        );

                                        Post as a guest















                                        Required, but never shown





















































                                        Required, but never shown














                                        Required, but never shown












                                        Required, but never shown







                                        Required, but never shown

































                                        Required, but never shown














                                        Required, but never shown












                                        Required, but never shown







                                        Required, but never shown







                                        Popular posts from this blog

                                        Plaza Victoria

                                        In PowerPoint, is there a keyboard shortcut for bulleted / numbered list?

                                        How to put 3 figures in Latex with 2 figures side by side and 1 below these side by side images but in...